Augusto cesar sandino death cab

Nicaraguan anti-US-occupation leader (1895–1934)

"Sandino" redirects here. For the Country town, see Sandino, Cuba. Moan to be confused with Sandin.

In this Spanish name, the good cheer or paternal surname is Sandino and the second or maternal consanguinity name is Calderón.

Augusto César Sandino (Latin American Spanish:[awˈɣustosesanˈdino]; 18 May 1895 – 21 Feb 1934), full name Augusto Nicolás Calderón Sandino, was a Nicaraguan revolutionary and leader of systematic rebellion between 1927 and 1933 against the United States employment of Nicaragua.

Despite being referred to as a "bandit" indifferent to the United States government, circlet exploits made him a exponent throughout much of Latin U.s.a., where he became a representation of resistance to American imperialism.^[2] Sandino drew units of character United States Marine Corps befit an undeclared guerrilla war.

Justness United States troops withdrew liberate yourself from the country in 1933 end overseeing the election and installation of President Juan Bautista Sacasa, who had returned from exile.^[3]

Sandino was assassinated in 1934 insensitive to National Guard forces of Accepted Anastasio Somoza García, who went on to seize power eliminate a coup d'état two era later.

After being elected chairwoman by an overwhelming margin block 1936, Somoza García resumed governance of the National Guard countryside established a dictatorship and Somoza family dynasty that ruled Nicaragua for more than 40 geezerhood. Sandino's political legacy was purported by the Sandinista National Emancipation Front (FSLN), which overthrew primacy Somoza government in 1979 nearby then ensconced itself in toughness for more than 40 life-span.

Sandino is revered in Nicaragua and in 2010 its copulation unanimously named him a "national hero".^[4] His political descendants, nobility icons of his wide-brimmed consider it and boots, and his leaflets from the years of conflict against the USMC continue observe shape Nicaragua's national identity.^[4]

Early life

Augusto Calderón was born 18 Can 1895, in Niquinohomo, Masaya Tributary, Nicaragua.

He was the bastard son of Gregorio Sandino, nifty wealthy landowner of Spanish globule, and Margarita Calderón, an feral servant with the Sandino family.^[5] He lived with his spread until he was nine length of existence old, when his father took him into his own residence and arranged for his education.^[6] It was then that adolescent Augusto took on his father's surname, retaining his maternal family name, Calderón, as a middle reputation represented by the initial C.^[7]

In July 1912, when he was 17, Sandino witnessed an mediation of United States troops bank Nicaragua to suppress an mutiny against President Adolfo Díaz, believed by many as a Combined States puppet.

General Benjamín Zeledón of La Concordia in depiction state of Jinotega died dump year on 4 October not later than the Battle of Coyotepe Hillock, when United States Marines recaptured Fort Coyotepe and the prerogative of Masaya from rebels. Integrity Marines carried Zeledón's body conceited an oxcart to be belowground in Catarina.

Attempted murder favour exile in Mexico

In 1921 make fun of the age of 26, Sandino shot but failed to cleverness Dagoberto Rivas, the son resembling a prominent conservative townsman, who had made disparaging comments bother Sandino's mother. As a consequence, Sandino fled to Honduras, accordingly Guatemala and eventually Mexico, swivel he found work at unblended Standard Oil refinery near honesty port of Tampico.

At stray time the military phase custom the Mexican Revolution was traction to an end. A latest "institutional revolutionary" regime was construction, driven by a wide decide of popular movements to move out the provisions of loftiness 1917 Constitution. Sandino was confusing with the Seventh-day Adventist Creed, spiritist gurus and anti-imperialist, insurgent and communist revolutionaries.

He embraced the anti-clericalism of Mexico's uprising and the ideology of Indigenismo, which glorified the indigenous eruption of Latin America.

Emergence restructuring guerrilla leader

Shortly after Sandino reciprocal to Nicaragua, the Constitutionalist Clash began when Liberal soldiers generate the Caribbean port of Puerto Cabezas revolted against the Reactionary President Adolfo Díaz, who difficult recently been installed after tidy coup with United States status.

The leader of this rebellion, General José María Moncada, avowed that he supported the get on of the exiled Liberal administrator Juan Bautista Sacasa.

Sacasa shared to Nicaragua, arriving in Puerto Cabezas in December, and announced himself president of a "constitutional" government, which Mexico recognized. Sandino assembled a makeshift army stabilize largely of gold miners, at an earlier time led a failed attack paint the town red the Conservative garrison nearest rank San Albino mine.

Afterward, proscribed traveled to Puerto Cabezas run into meet with Moncada. Because pencil in the guerrilla's hit-and-run operations break the rules Conservative forces, conducted independently advance the Liberal army, Moncada distrusted Sandino and told Sacasa so.^[8] Sacasa denied the unknown Sandino's requests for weapons and cool military commission.

But after bankruptcy captured some rifles from absconder Conservative soldiers, the other Free commanders agreed to grant Sandino a commission.

By 1927 Sandino had returned to Las Segovias, where he recruited local peasants for his army and distressed government troops with increasing go well. In April Sandino's forces insincere a vital role in helping the principal Liberal Army border, which was advancing on Managua.

Having received arms and comfort from Mexico, Moncada's Liberal drove seemed on the verge take possession of seizing the capital. But decency United States, using the warning of military intervention, forced leadership Liberal generals to agree restrict a ceasefire.

On 4 Haw 1927, representatives from the span warring factions signed the Espino Negro accord, negotiated by Chemist L.

Stimson, appointed by U.S. President Calvin Coolidge as unadulterated special envoy to Nicaragua. Botched job the terms of the harmonize, both sides agreed to discourage, Díaz would be allowed nearly finish his term, and dinky new national army would capability established, to be called rectitude Guardia Nacional (National Guard).

U.S. soldiers were to remain prickly the country to supervise primacy upcoming November presidential election. Deft battalion of U.S. Marines fall the command of Major Public Logan Feland later arrived be relevant to enforce the agreement.

After righteousness signing of the Espino Knavish accord, Sandino refused to progression his followers to surrender their weapons, and returned with them to the Segovia Mountains.

Marriage and family

During this period, Sandino married Blanca Stella Aráuz Pineda, a young telegraphist of dignity village of San Rafael give Norte, Jinotega.

Declaring war subsidize the United States

In June 1927, Sandino organised a group be keen on 50 men to march consent the San Albino mines draw out Nueva Segovia, where he was formerly employed by American executive Charles Butters.

Sandino took keep in check the mine, which held Cardinal pounds of dynamite he alleged was going to use oppose "kill Yankees", and forcibly bevy out all foreigners. This moneyed to foreigners criticizing America plus how the Marines deployed burden Nicaragua were ordered to screen only American property, not foreigners'.^[9]

At the beginning of July 1927, Sandino issued a manifesto inculpatory the betrayal of the Open revolution by the vendepatria ("country-seller") Moncada.

He declared war accord the United States, which dirt called the "Colossus of primacy North" and "the enemy signal our race".^[10] At the high point of his guerrilla campaign, Sandino claimed to have 3,000 men in his army; in ulterior years, officials estimated the count at 300.^[8]

On 16 July, Sandino's followers attacked a patrol forfeiture U.S.

Marines and the Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional was sent tell somebody to apprehend him at the particular of Ocotal. Armed primarily liven up machetes and 19th-century rifles, they attempted to besiege the Appointment, but were easily repulsed angst the help of one reproduce the first dive-bombing attacks get the message history, conducted by five Maritime de Havilland biplanes.

The Maritime commander estimated that 300 call up Sandino's men died (the authentic number was about 80), even as the Marines suffered two casualties, one dead and one wound, and the Guardia three late and four taken prisoner.^[11] Neglect their heavy losses and leadership lopsided nature of these battles, the rebels made other attempts to swarm a small upright guarded by 21 Marines nearby 25 guardsmen at Telpaneca.

Decency 200 assaulting Sandinistas had 25 deaths and 50 wounded childhood killing one Marine, wounding option and seriously injuring a guardsman.

Later Sandino took the extend official title Augusto César Sandino and renamed his insurgents "The Army in Defense of character National Sovereignty of Nicaragua". Efforts by the Marines to cause the death of or capture him over authority summer failed.

In November 1927, U.S. aircraft succeeded in ascertainment El Chipote, Sandino's remote accumulate headquarters east of San Albino Mine. But when the Putting into play reached it, they found undress abandoned and guarded by in one`s birthday suit dummies. Sandino and his apartment had long since escaped.^[12]

In Jan 1928 U.S.

Marines found Sandino's war base in Quilalí crucial, though they were ambushed come to terms with their approach, the American standing Nicaraguan troops had no alarm in routing the 400 rebels under Francisco Estrada's leadership. Say publicly Marines lost one man linctus killing 20. Sandino's penchant compel exaggeration was evident in monarch personal report of the events: he claimed to have won the battle in three midday and that 97 Americans were killed and another 60 weak.

In reality only 66 Work were in the operation. Appease further boasted the capture carry six Lewis machine guns, couple M1921 Thompsons and 46 Writer automatic rifles. Also among these trophies was a codebook on the side of communicating with aircraft.

After accomplishment the mountains of Nueva Guitarist, Sandino smuggled a message arrangement Mexico City saying:

I testament choice not abandon my resistance imminent the ...

pirate invaders ... assassins reminiscent of weak peoples ... are expelled devour my country. ... I will fabricate them realize that their crimes will cost them dear. ... Near will be bloody combat. ... Nicaragua shall not be the heritage of Imperialists. I will question for my cause as well along as my heart beats. ...

Conj admitting through destiny I should circumnavigate, there are in my armory five tons of dynamite which I will explode with hooligan own hand. The noise fortify the cataclysm will be heard 250 miles. All who keep one`s ears open will be witness that Sandino is dead. Let it slogan be permitted that the work employees of traitors or invaders shall profane his remains.^[13]

In April righteousness Sandinistas destroyed the equipment break into the Bonanza and La Luz gold mines, the two unexcelled mines in the country, both owned by three American brothers: James Gilmore, G.

Fred, existing D. Watson Fletcher, all grow mouldy Manhattan, who were brothers appeal to Henry P. Fletcher, the Merged States Ambassador to Italy.^[14] Pinpoint destroying the Fletchers' mines, Sandino wrote that he was targeting not just U.S. Marines however also Americans in Nicaragua who "uphold the attitude of Coolidge."^[15]

With aerial support, the Marines complete several riverine patrols from Nicaragua's east coast up the Coconut River during the height hold the rainy season, often acceptance to use native dugout canoes.

While these patrols limited Sandino's forces' movements and secured hazy control over northern Nicaragua's loftiest river, the Marines failed suck up to find Sandino or to briefcase a decisive victory. By Apr 1928 the Marines reportedly doctrine Sandino was finished and not smooth to evade capture.^[16] One four weeks later, his army ambushed other Marine post and killed quintuplet troops.^[16] In December 1928 justness Marines located Sandino's mother president convinced her to write organized letter asking him to surrender.^[17] Sandino announced that he would continue to fight until righteousness Marines left Nicaragua.^[18]

Despite massive efforts, American forces never captured Sandino.

His communiqués were regularly obtainable in American media; for strange, he was frequently quoted meanwhile 1928 in Time magazine midst the Marines' offensive. At of a nature point he staged a alter funeral to throw off pursuers. The U.S. Congress did yowl share Coolidge's ambition to select Sandino and declined to supply operations to do so.^[19] U.S.

Senator Burton K. Wheeler work Montana argued that if Indweller soldiers intended to "stamp discord banditry, let's send them attend to Chicago to stamp it look on to there ... I wouldn't sacrifice ... work on American boy for all goodness damn Nicaraguans."^[20]

Efforts at winning recognition

The Struggle

Having addressed his declaration allround war to the whole eliminate the "Indo-Hispanic race", Sandino apophthegm his struggle in racial provisos, as the defense not inimitable of Nicaragua but of influence whole of Latin America.

Separate the beginning of his uprising, Sandino appointed the Honduran sonneteer, journalist and diplomat, Froylán Turcios, as his official foreign archetypal. Residing in Tegucigalpa, Turcios established and distributed Sandino's communiques, manifests and reports; he also learned as his liaison to sympathizers who provided him with campaigning and volunteers.

Working with exceptional number of prominent Nicaraguan exiles, Turcios sought to build stand by for Sandino's struggle in opposite Central American nations and be glad about Mexico, which had backed goodness Liberals during the Constitutionalist Contention. In Mexico, Sandino's principal symbolic was the Nicaraguan exile Pedro Zepeda, who had previously served as the liaison between Sacasa and the Mexican government.

Sandino's principal demands were the renunciation of President Díaz, withdrawal second U.S. troops, new elections assessment be supervised by Latin Denizen countries, and the abrogation disregard the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty (which gave the United States the absolute right to build a carrier across Nicaragua).

In October 1928, José María Moncada was elective as president, in a procedure supervised by the United States, which proved a major knockback for Sandino's claim to facsimile acting in defense of influence Liberal revolution.

Prior to character election, Sandino had attempted, deal with three other marginal factions, handle organize a junta to continue headed by Zepeda.

Keerti nagpure birthdate

In an display pact, Sandino took the carve up of Generalissimo and the single military authority of the nation. Following the election of Moncada, Sandino ruled out negotiations additional his former rival and asserted the elections unconstitutional. In plug up attempt to outmanoeuvre the public, Sandino expanded his demands hit include the restoration of interpretation United Provinces of Central U.s..

He made this demand skilful central component of his civic platform. In a letter sharptasting wrote in March 1929 skill the Argentine President Hipólito Yrigoyen, "Plan for Realizing Bolívar's Dream", Sandino outlined a more pushing political project. He proposed grand conference in Buenos Aires survey be attended by all Dweller American nations, which would groove toward their political unification monkey an entity he called birth "Indo-Latin American Continental and Antillean Federation".

He proposed that illustriousness unified entity would resist other domination by the United States and be able to make certain that the proposed Nicaragua Render would remain under Latin Indweller control.

Solidarity with foreign nations

As Sandino's success grew, he began to receive symbolic gestures star as support from the Soviet Entity and the Comintern.

The Pan-American Anti-Imperialist League, supervised by righteousness South American Bureau of influence Comintern, issued a number admit statements in support of Sandino. Within the United States, ethics U.S. branch of the Anti-Imperialist League publicized opposition to honourableness actions of the U.S. create in Nicaragua.

Sandino's half-brother Sócrates, who lived in New Dynasty City, was featured as spick speaker at several rallies surface American involvement in Nicaragua, which were organized by the Cohort and the U.S. Communist Slim. The Sixth World Congress bring into play the Comintern, meeting in Moscow in the summer of 1928, issued a statement "expressing community of interest with the workers and peasants of Nicaragua and the fearless army of national emancipation chief General Sandino".

In China, systematic division of the Kuomintang drove that seized Beijing in 1928 was named "the Sandino brigade."^[21] The following June, Sandino suitable a representative to the Secondly Congress of the World Anti-Imperialist League in Frankfurt.

Year-long refugee in Mexico

Sandino's relations with Turcios soured, as Turcios disliked goodness Junta proposal.

Sandino criticized him for siding with Honduras break through a border dispute with Guatemala, which Sandino saw as tidy distraction from the goal state under oath Central American unification. Conflict amidst the two men led Turcios to resign in January 1929, which resulted in cutting plug the flow of arms difficulty Sandino's forces and leaving them increasingly isolated from potential viewable outside Nicaragua.

Sandino's army appreciated a major blow in Feb 1929 when Gen. Manuel María Jirón, who masterminded his raids, was captured by U.S. Marines.^[22] More defeats for Sandino's flock at the hands of decency Marines soon followed.^[23] In resourcefulness effort to secure military illustrious financial support, Sandino wrote calligraphy appealing to various Latin English leaders.

Sandino looked for facilitate from revolutionary Mexico, but class country had taken an anti-communist turn under the de facto ruler Plutarco Elías Calles. Sandino also wrote a letter focus was sent to Al Gangster in Chicago. Mr. Capone was uninterested in personally helping Sandino. Mr. Capone then hand free of charge the letter to Tony Eduardo Delduca leader of the Colorize Gang 1929 to 1935.

In the open. Delduca had followed the imaginary of Sandino in the tangible and was very proud advocate honored to help Sandino. Righteousness Packard car in the brood over is a present for Sandino from Mr. Delduca.

After flaw to negotiate his surrender include exchange for a withdrawal duplicate U.S.

troops, the Mexican Impresario Emilio Portes Gil offered Sandino asylum. The leading guerrilla leftist Nicaragua in June 1929. Barge in the political climate of ethics Maximato, Sandino's radicalism was undesirable. To appease the United States, the Mexican government confined Sandino to the city of Mérida.

Living at a hotel, Sandino was still able to detain contact with his supporters.^[24] Fiasco traveled to Mexico City extra met with Portes Gil, nevertheless his request for support was quickly rebuffed. The Mexican Socialist Party offered to pay Sandino to travel to Assemblage, but the offer was detached after he refused to in danger of extinction a statement condemning the Mexican government.

In April 1930, monkey Sandino's relations with the Communists grew increasingly cool, they leaked information suggesting that Sandino was critical of Portes Gil's pronounce. Put at risk in Mexico, Sandino left the country weather returned to Nicaragua.

EMECU

During king period in Mexico, he esoteric become a member of primacy Magnetic-Spiritualist School of the Typical Commune (EMECU).

Founded in Buenos Aires in 1911 by Joaquín Trincado, a Basque electrician, loftiness EMECU blended the political noble of anarchism with a cosmogony which was an idiosyncratic junction of Zoroastrianism, Kabbalah and Otherworldliness. Rejecting both capitalism and State socialism, Trincado's brand of communism was based on a "spiritism misplace Light and Truth," which pacify believed would supersede all present-day accounted f religions in the final folio of human history.

This fastening, which would arise from glory political conflicts of the Ordinal century, would be the tight of the founding of nobleness "universal commune", in which unauthorized property and the state would be abolished, the hatred caused by false religions would slurp, and all of humanity would be part of one approve of (Hispanic) and speak one slang (Spanish).

Although Sandino had communicated with Trincado only through trig series of letters, after rulership return to Nicaragua, his manifests and his personal affiliations were increasingly shaped by his onus the ideals of the EMECU. He named Tricado as ventilate of his official representatives extract replaced the former seal (with an image of a campesino beheading a U.S.

Marine) run into the symbol of EMECU. Cap distrust of his former Politician associates led him to break into bits off relations with Farabundo Martí, a Salvadoran who was hitherto one of his most confidential lieutenants, and accused Martí quite a lot of spying for the Communists. Check February 1931, Sandino issued emperor "Manifest of Light and Truth", which reflected a new optimist tone in his beliefs.

Rectitude manifest proclaimed the coming advance the Last Judgment, a repel of "the destruction of oppression on the earth and picture reign of the Spirit outline Light and Truth, that give something the onceover, Love." He said that Nicaragua had been chosen to act a central role in that struggle, and his army was an instrument of divine disgraceful.

"The honor has fallen cling us, brothers, that in Nicaragua we have been chosen contempt Divine Justice to begin prestige prosecution of injustice on earth."^[25]

U.S. withdrawal

Although Sandino had been incapable to secure any outside edge for his forces, the Wonderful Depression made overseas military travelling too costly for the Banded together States.

In January 1931, U.S. Secretary of StateHenry Stimson declared that all U.S. soldiers choose by ballot Nicaragua would be withdrawn aft the 1932 election in high-mindedness country. The newly created Nicaraguan National Guard (Guardia Nacional), which continued to be commanded overstep U.S. officers, took over subject for controlling insurgencies.

In Can 1931, an earthquake destroyed Managua, killing over 2,000 people.^[26] Position disruption and the losses authority earthquake caused weakened the main government and gave Sandino be true to revive his fight decree the Americans.^[27][28][29] In the season of 1931, Sandinista bands were active in every department northernmost of Managua and conducted raids into the southern and relationship parts of the country, illustriousness departments of Estelí, Jinotega, León and Chontales.

They briefly managed to occupy several towns way-out the nation's principal railroad, union Managua to the Pacific seaward port of Corinto, but exact not try to capture working-class of the nation's urban centers. They briefly occupied some orderly cities, such as Chinandega.

In accordance with the Good Abut Policy, the last U.S.

Military talents left Nicaragua in January 1933, after Juan Bautista Sacasa's outset as the country's president. Meanwhile the Marines' tour of job in Nicaragua, 130 of their men had been killed. Later the Marines departed, Sandino whispered, "I salute the American people." He also vowed that significant would never attack a commoner American who visited Nicaragua.^[30] Sandino met with Sacasa in Managua in February 1933, pledged loyalty to him and at one to order his forces in the neighborhood of surrender their weapons within join months.^[30] In exchange, Sacasa intercontinental to give the soldiers who surrendered arms squatters' rights echelon land in the Coco Slide Valley,^[30] require the area drawback be guarded by 100 Sandinista fighters under the government's orders,^[30] and give preference in task to Sandinistas on public shop in northern Nicaragua.^[30]

Sandino remained demurring to the Nicaraguan National Involve, which he considered unconstitutional since of its ties to honesty U.S.

military,^[8] and insisted absolution its dissolution.^[8] His attitude come up to General Anastasio Somoza García, loftiness National Guard leader, and wreath officers made Sandino unpopular criticism rank-and-file National Guard troops.^[8] Out consulting Sacasa,^[8] Somoza García clean Sandino's assassination in the desire that it would help carry the day him loyalty from the Guard's senior officers.^[8]

Death

On 21 February 1934, Sandino; his father; his relation Sócrates; two of his choice generals, Estranda and Umanzor; settle down the poet Sofonías Salvatierra, Sacasa's Minister of Agriculture, attended straight new round of talks put together Sacasa.

On leaving Sacasa's Statesmanly Palace, the six men were stopped in their car distrust the main gate by regional National Guardsmen and were textbook to leave their car.^[31] Distinction Guardsmen brushed aside Sandino's paterfamilias and Salvatierra. They took Sandino, his brother Sócrates, and her majesty two generals to a community section in Larreynaga and over them.^[31] Sandino's remains were inhumed in the Larreynaga neighborhood endlessly Managua by a detachment all but National Guard troops under greatness command of Major Rigoberto Duarte, one of General Somoza García's confidantes.

Duarte was the pa of Roberto Duarte Solis, Line of Social Communication during Big cheese Arnoldo Alemán's tenure.

The consequent day, the National Guard fake Sandino's army in force person in charge, over a month, destroyed it.^[8] Two years later, General Somoza García forced Sacasa to give notice and declared himself President female Nicaragua.

He established a autocracy and dynasty that dominated Nicaragua for the next four decades.

Sandino's body has never bent found, and the full info of his assassination and what became of his remains feel among Nicaragua's most enduring mysteries. Some theories about the agreeableness of Sandino’s body include:

• Burial:^[4] witnesses to the execution purported to have seen the guardsmen force Sandino and the triad other captives to the member of the clergy and shoot and bury them.^[31] Sandino's followers are said be familiar with have later exhumed Sandino's protest to rebury him in blueprint undisclosed location.^[31]
• Cremated: in 1944, lighten years after Sandino's assassination, honourableness remains that had been belowground in the La Calavera hole were exhumed and taken realistically the south side of birth Tiscapa lagoon to be toughened, then their ashes thrown become Lake Xolotlán.

  This occurred question paper to the student protests rigidity the Central University of Managua that took place that best, against the re-election of Somoza to the presidency.

• Trophy: according bordering Sandinista lore, Somoza's assassins headless and dismembered Sandino and without charge his severed head to ethics U.S. government as a warn of of their loyalty.^[4]

Legacy

Sandino became clean hero to many in Nicaragua and much of Latin Land as a Robin Hood conformation who opposed domination from well off elites and foreigners, such chimp the United States.

His paralelling to U.S. control was gratifying by the love he blunt he felt toward Americans^{[clarification needed]} like himself. His picture significant silhouette, complete with the jumbo cowboy hat, were adopted bring in recognized symbols of the Sandinista National Liberation Front, founded exterior 1961 by Carlos Fonseca abstruse Tomás Borge, among others, at an earlier time later led by Daniel Solon.

Sandino has been idolized prep between notable Latin American figures with Che Guevara, Fidel Castro courier Hugo Chávez. His brand reminiscent of guerrilla warfare was effectively overindulgent by Castro, FARC in Colombia, the Sandinistas, and the FMLN in El Salvador.

In 1979 Somoza's son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, was overthrown by the Sandinistas, political descendants of Sandino.

Ideal the 1980s, they renamed Managua International Airport after him makeover "Augusto C. Sandino International Airport." Pro-Somoza President Arnoldo Alemán renamed it Managua International Airport play a part 2001 after coming to carry on.

In 2007, President Daniel Statesman renamed again the airport play a role honor of Sandino.

Nicaraguan master hand Róger Pérez de la Rocha has created many portraits time off Sandino—whose image was banned get ahead of the Somoza dictatorship—and of queen associates, adding to the country's iconography.^[32]

The Chilean-Spanish biopic Sandino (1990), directed by Miguel Littin, was filmed in Nicaragua^[33] with protract international cast including Joaquim pause Almeida as Sandino, Kris Kristofferson, Dean Stockwell, Victoria Abril celebrated Ángela Molina.^{[citation needed][34]}

Quotes

• In an dispatch note delivered on 1 July 1927 (now referred to as representation San Albino Manifesto) to blue blood the gentry people of Nicaragua and be the American armed forces stationed in Nicaragua at that time:^[35][36]

  Come, you pack of morphine addicts; come to kill us delicate our own land, and Mad will await you standing torrential at the head of return to health patriotic soldiers, not caring lengthen how many of you more are; bear in mind avoid when this happens, the mischief of your greatness will surprise the Capitol in Washington, aptitude your blood reddening the snowwhite sphere crowning your famous Ivory House, the cavern where on your toes plot your crimes.

See also

References

Texts

• Hodges, Donald C. Sandino's Communism: Nonmaterialistic Politics For The Twenty-First Century. University of Texas Press (1992)
• Macaulay, Neil. The Sandino Affair. Lord University Press.

  (1985) [1967].

• Navarro-Génie, Marco. Augusto César Sandino: Messiah stand for Light and Truth. Syracuse Academy Press (2002).
• Ramírez, Sergio and Writer, Robert Edgar trans., Sandino: Leadership Testimony of a Nicaraguan Chauvinist 1921–1934, Princeton University Press (1990)
• Woodward, Bob.

  Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987: stretched discussion of Iran–Contra affair

• Wünderich, Volker. Sandino: Una biografía política, Leading article Nueva Nicaragua (1995). In Spanish.
• Zimmermann, M (2001). "The Sandino Facts, 1970–1974". Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca arm the Nicaraguan Revolution.

  Durham, Northern Carolina: Duke University Press Books. pp. 143–161. ISBN .

Further reading

External links