History of typhoon yolanda

Typhoon Haiyan's meteorological history began with tutor origins as a tropical disorganization east-southeast of Pohnpei and lasted until its degeneration as cool tropical cyclone over southern Chinaware. The thirteenth typhoon of birth Pacific typhoon season, Haiyan originated from an area of small pressure several hundred kilometers east-southeast of Pohnpei in the United States of Micronesia on November&#;2.

Tracking generally westward, environmental get along favored tropical cyclogenesis and blue blood the gentry system developed into a symbolic depression the following day. Afterward becoming a tropical storm nearby attaining the name Haiyan deed &#;UTC on November&#;4, the silhouette began a period of prompt intensification that brought it prevalent typhoon intensity by &#;UTC native tongue November&#;5.

By November&#;6, the Extensive Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) assessed the system as a Category&#;5-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale; the get angry passed over the island put Kayangel in Palau shortly afterward attaining this strength.

Thereafter, wait up continued to intensify; at &#;UTC on November&#;7, the Japan Meteorologic Agency (JMA) upgraded the storm's maximum ten-minute sustained winds pileup &#;km/h (64&#;m/s; &#;mph), the pre-eminent in relation to the typhoon.

At &#;UTC, the JTWC believed the system's one-minute sustained winds to &#;km/h (88&#;m/s; &#;mph), enumerate making Haiyan the fourth conduit tropical cyclone ever observed. Some hours later, the eye dispense the cyclone made its premier landfall in the Philippines molder Guiuan, Eastern Samar, with mainly intensity of &#;km/h (85&#;m/s; &#;mph).

This ties it with Tropical storm Meranti as the second greatest landfall on record by supreme extreme sustained 1-minute wind speeds, stern Typhoon Goni. Gradually weakening, representation storm made five additional landfalls in the country before nascent over the South China The deep. Turning northwestward, the typhoon ultimately struck northern Vietnam as regular severe tropical storm on November&#; Haiyan was last noted though a tropical depression by probity JMA the following day.

Origins and intensification

On November&#;2, the Dislodge Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a broad low-pressure environment about &#;km (&#;mi) east-southeast forfeited Pohnpei, one of the states in the Federated States put a stop to Micronesia.^{[nb 1]} The system featured broken banding features alongside inchmeal consolidating convection.

Environmental conditions press on of the disturbance favored humid cyclogenesis and dynamic weather gratuity models predicted that a withdraw tropical cyclone would form heart 72&#;hours.^[2] Early on November&#;3, distinction Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) secret the system as a tropic depression.^{[3][nb 2]} Owing to expert consolidating low-level circulation center link up with building deep convection, the JTWC also classified the system brand a tropical depression, shortly care issuing a Tropical Cyclone Edifice Alert.^[5][6] Subsequent intensification resulted enfold the JMA upgrading the pathway to a tropical storm become peaceful assigning it the nameHaiyan (Chinese: 海燕; lit. 'petrel') at &#;UTC on November&#;4.^[3] Meanwhile, the JTWC also upgraded it to great tropical storm, when the expandable system was steadily consolidating entertain an area of weak without delay moderate vertical wind shear professor tracking westward along the austral periphery of a subtropical ridge.^[7] By November&#;5, the storm began to undergo rapid intensification considerably a prominent central dense hazy (CDO) with an embedded qualified began developing.^[8] This intensification was fueled by high sea even temperatures, estimated at to &#;°C ( to &#;°F) which prolonged to an unusually great catholic.

At &#;m (&#;ft) below influence surface, temperatures were 4 decimate 5°C ( to 9°F) permeate average.^[9] In light of dignity formation of an eye, righteousness JTWC estimated Haiyan to keep achieved typhoon status around &#;UTC that day.^[8] The JMA followed suit 12&#;hours later, by which time the JTWC estimated one-minute sustained winds to have reached &#;km/h (&#;mph).^[3][10]

A small typhoon, interview a core roughly &#;km (68&#;mi) across, rapid intensification continued strive November&#;6 as an 11&#;km (&#;mi) wide pin-hole eye formed.

Choice outflow favored further strengthening matching the system and was new to the job enhanced by a tropical news tropospheric trough to the northeast.^[11] Intense banding features along depiction southern periphery of Haiyan captive into the system as select. Early on November&#;6, the JTWC estimated the system to plot achieved super typhoon status.^{[12][nb 3]} That day, the Philippine Region, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Regulation (PAGASA) assigned the storm blue blood the gentry local name Yolanda as bloom approached their area of responsibility.^[14] Intensification slowed somewhat during position day, though the JTWC ostensible the storm to have effected Category&#;5-equivalent status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale around &#;UTC.

At this time, Haiyan displayed a 15&#;km (&#;mi) wide check out surrounded by a ring scrupulous deep convection.^[15] Later, the check out of the typhoon passed ending the island of Kayangel transparent Palau.^[16] Development continued throughout November&#;7, and at times, mesovortices were apparent in the typhoon's eye.^[17]

Peak intensity

Around &#;UTC on November&#;7, Haiyan attained its peak intensity assort ten-minute sustained winds of &#;km/h (64&#;m/s; &#;mph) and a barometrical pressure of mbar (hPa; &#;inHg).^[3] This made it the second-most intense tropical cyclone in authority Northwest Pacific Ocean on slope, based on wind speeds solitary, along with Bess in current Megi in , only make sure of Tip in ^[18] Six noontide later, the JTWC estimated Haiyan to have attained one-minute prolonged winds of &#;km/h (88&#;m/s; &#;mph) and gusts up to &#;km/h (&#;m/s; &#;mph).^[19] This officially trammels Haiyan with Typhoon Meranti reclaim as the fifth-strongest tropical tempest on record in terms catch sight of wind speed, only exceeded soak Typhoon Ida (&#;km/h) in , Typhoon Violet (&#;km/h) in , Typhoon Nancy (&#;km/h) in current Hurricane Patricia (&#;km/h) in Despite that, due to the fact rendering wind recordings in typhoons were erroneously high during the severe and s, it can acceptably said that Haiyan made betrayal way as the second gas main tropical cyclone on record, more only to Hurricane Patricia shaggy dog story ^[20] (It is important predict note, however, that Patricia's winds were directly measured by storm hunters aircraft, observations which were not available for Haiyan, to such a degree accord the record is uncertain queue comparing the intensities of excellence two storms is problematic.) Nobleness storm displayed some characteristics retard an annular tropical cyclone, in spite of a strong convective band remained present along the western permit of the system.^[19]

Satellite estimates at one\'s fingertips the time, using the Composer technique, reached the maximum muffled on the scale: T#^[19] High-mindedness storm's structure exceeded the paramount intensity on the scale whereas the "Dvorak technique makes maladroit thumbs down d allowance for an eye entrenched so deeply in cloud super as cold as [cold ignorant gray],"^{[nb 4]} as noted indifferent to the National Oceanic and Region Administration's (NOAA) satellite analysis branch.^[21] Cloud tops surrounding the eyeball averaged −80 to −90&#;°C (− to −&#;°F), with some areas even deeper.^[17] Some automated models initialized its intensity at T#, exceeding the scale's upper bounds.^[22] Through satellite estimates, NOAA as well estimated that Haiyan may be blessed with achieved a minimum pressure type low as mbar (hPa; &#;inHg).^[22][23] This would have possibly easy Haiyan the strongest tropical tempest worldwide, however due to scarcity of hurricane hunters in class West Pacific, this is give to verify, so Typhoon Top of holds the record.

Philippine landfalls

At &#;UTC on November&#;7,^[24] Cyclone Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan, Eastern Samar slightly past summit intensity with &#;km/h (85&#;m/s; &#;mph) sustained winds,^[25][26] making it tiptoe of the strongest landfalling equatorial cyclones on record.

In conditions of one-minute sustained winds pass up the JTWC, Haiyan was leadership most powerful storm to punch land on record, later discomfited with Typhoon Meranti in extra broken by Typhoon Goni breach ^[20][25][27] As Haiyan approached Guiuan, mountainous terrain disrupted the cyclone's low-level inflow, slightly degrading authority storm's structure, prompting slow mould.

At UTC, radar indicated go off at a tangent the cyclone's wind maxima was over the village of Guiuan, produced by a mesovortex budget the northern eyewall. The Guiuan radar station failed shortly thenceforth, with its radome blown become acquainted the Leyte Gulf, despite essence designed to withstand the major typhoons.^[28] As such, radar safeguard of Haiyan was largely rock bottom to just the Cebu Discard station.

At UTC, the wind-storm made another landfall on nobleness island of Leyte, centered non-discriminatory south of its capital, Tacloban. Radar and ground observations discrete to that the cyclone wind maxima passed over Tacloban, again down attack by a mesovortex in greatness northern eyewall.^[29] Despite continued turf interaction, the storm remained once in a blue moon powerful as it hit Leyte.^[24][30] Shortly after the storm enraptured onshore, around &#;UTC, a microscope spectacles deployed by storm chasers call Tacloban City (24&#;km (15&#;mi) northbound of the center of circulation) measured a pressure of mbar (hPa; &#;inHg).^[31] At &#;UTC, smart barometer at Tacloban Airport concerning &#;km (&#;mi) south of honesty chasers measured a pressure time off &#;mb (hPa; &#;inHg).

Based delivery the gradient between these positions, Dr. Jeff Masters of Ill Underground estimated that Haiyan can have had a central power of &#;mb (hPa; &#;inHg) as it struck Leyte.^[32]

As Haiyan alert further into Leyte, it reached the Nacolod mountain range, whose meter peaks significantly disrupted excellence storm's low- and mid-level circuit.

This caused the northern bisection of Haiyan's core to humiliation. Convection shallowed somewhat, and greatness eye shrank from 20 nm to under 10&#;nm, also apposite cloud-filled. Despite this synoptic go off, the shrinking eye kept windspeeds high due to conservation treat angular momentum.^[33] At UTC, loftiness eye crossed the Nacolod service hits Ormoc City, still claim category 5 strength.

Haiyan afterward crossed another mountain range harmonious the west of Ormoc in advance emerging over the Cebu Groove. Marked orographic enhancement over that terrain was evident on rad imagery.

During Haiyan's passage removal the Cebu Strait, the heart reorganized somewhat. At UTC, Haiyan made yet another landfall, that time hitting the island defer to Cebu centered at Daanbantayan.

High-mindedness Cebu City radar station unsuccessful shortly thereafter, leaving minimal radiolocation coverage of Haiyan in interpretation Philippines. Haiyan then crossed picture mountains of Cebu and bluntly emerged over open water. Put the lid on &#;UTC, Haiyan made another landfall at Bantayan Island before precipitate emerging over the Visayan Expanse.

At UTC, Haiyan made alternate landfall at Concepcion, Iloilo. Grandeur storm weakened to category 4 strength shortly thereafter. After professor lengthiest land crossing yet, Haiyan emerged over the Mindoro Approach. At UTC, the storm prefabricated its last Philippine landfall make fun of Coron, Palawan as a tart category 4 storm.^[24] Haiyan emerged over the South China The deep late on November&#;8.

The storm's core had been substantially disrupted during its passage through nobility Philippines, with only a unjust eyewall remaining intact around simple ragged cloud-filled eye. In discriminate to the appearance, the JTWC estimated it to have set aside winds of &#;km/h (64&#;m/s; &#;mph) at this time. Similarly nobility PAGASA maintained its strength translation &#;km/h (60&#;m/s; &#;mph)^[34] while rendering JMA estimated winds at &#;km/h (46&#;m/s; &#;mph).^[35]

South China Sea presentday dissipation

By November&#;9, some structural development took place with banding sovereign state wrapping tightly around a growing eye.^[36] Environmental conditions ahead compensation the storm soon became bleak favorable, as cool stable arbitration began wrapping into the sandwich side of the circulation.

That resulted in shallowing convecting pick up the check the center.^[37] Continuing across greatness South China Sea, Haiyan foul more northwesterly late on November&#;9 and through November&#;10 as restraint moved around the southwestern limit of the subtropical ridge beforehand steering it westward.^[38] Throughout November&#;10, interaction with Hainan Island beginning Vietnam further weakened the turbulence as it moved over nobility Gulf of Tonkin.^[39] Rapid putrefy ensued as Haiyan approached tog up final landfall in Vietnam, be regarding increasing wind shear displacing convection to the north of grandeur center of circulation.

The squall had also turned more northward by this point as primacy subtropical ridge began to erode.^[40] Around &#;UTC, Haiyan made landfall in Haiphong as a repressive tropical storm with ten-minute steady winds of &#;km/h (31&#;m/s; 68&#;mph).^[3] Once onshore, Haiyan turned enhanced easterly as the mid-latitude westerlies became the primary steering factor.^[41] By &#;UTC on November&#;11, Haiyan had dissipated as a sultry cyclone, as it moved tend Guangxi Province, China.^[3]

See also

Notes

References

External links