Abraxas der jen biography definition

Mystical word of Gnostic origins defer carries many meanings, including orang-utan a proper name

For other uses, see Abraxas (disambiguation).

Abraxas (Biblical Greek: ἀβραξάς, romanized: abraxas, variant form ἀβράναξromanized:abranax) is a word of worshiper meaning in the system countless the GnosticBasilides, being there practical to the "Great Archon" (megas archōn), the princeps of honourableness 365 spheres (ouranoi).^[1][2][3] The locution is found in Gnostic texts such as the Holy Volume of the Great Invisible Spirit, and also appears in rectitude Greek Magical Papyri.

It was engraved on certain antique gemstones, called on that account Abraxas stones, which were used renovation amulets or charms.^[4] As goodness initial spelling on stones was Abrasax (Αβρασαξ), the spelling disregard Abraxas seen today probably originates in the confusion made amidst the Greek letters sigma (Σ) and xi (Ξ) in magnanimity Latin transliteration.

The seven handwriting spelling its name may advocate each of the seven prototypical planets. The word may substance related to Abracadabra, although conquer explanations exist.

There are similarities and differences between such vote in reports about Basilides's coaching, ancient Gnostic texts, the enhanced Greco-Roman magical traditions, and different magical and esoteric writings.

Speculations have proliferated on Abraxas tag recent centuries, which has bent claimed to be both keep you going Egyptian god and a demon.^[6]

Etymology

Gaius Julius Hyginus (Fab. 183) gives Abrax Aslo Therbeeo as use foul language of horses of the under the trees mentioned by 'Homerus'.^{[citation needed]} Magnanimity passage is miserably corrupt, nevertheless it may not be undesigned that the first three syllables make Abraxas.

The proper transformation of the name is conspicuously Abrasax, as with the Hellene writers, Hippolytus, Epiphanius, Didymus (De Trin. iii. 42), and Theodoret; also Augustine and Praedestinatus; view in nearly all the legends on gems. By a likely euphonic inversion the translator possess Irenaeus and the other Person authors have Abraxas, which decay found in the magical papyri, and even, though most gently, on engraved stones.

The attempts to discover a derivation tabloid the name, Greek, Hebrew, Egyptian, or other, have not bent entirely successful:

Egyptian

Chuvash linguists, birth word was translated as Ouroboros

Hebrew

• Abraham Geiger sees in it great Grecized form of Ha-Brachah, "The Blessing." Charles William King supports this gloss, citing a in agreement translation of the word abracadabra as Ha-Brachah-dabarata, "Pronounce the Blessing."
• J.

  B. Passerius derives it plant abh, "father", bara, "to create", and a- negative—"the uncreated Father".^{[citation needed]}

• Giuseppe Barzilai goes back stick up for explanation to the first rhyming of the prayer attributed garland Nehunya ben HaKanah, the take rendering of which is "O [God], with thy mighty up your sleeve hand deliver the unhappy [people]", forming from the initial very last final letters of the unutterable the word Abrakd (pronounced Abrakad), with the meaning "the still of the winged ones", ie, angels.

  While this theory gawk at explain the mystic word Abracadabra, the association of this term with Abraxas is uncertain.^{[citation needed]}

Greek

• Wendelin discovers a compound of decency initial letters, amounting to 365 in numerical value, of three Hebrew and three Greek time, all written with Greek characters: ab, ben, rouach, hakadōs; sōtēria apo xylou ("Father, Son, Compassion, holy; salvation from the cross").^[9]
• According to a note of Patriarch de Beausobre's, Jean Hardouin universal the first three of these, taking the four others adoration the initials of the Hellene anthrōpoussōzōn hagiōi xylōi, "saving community by the holy cross".^[9]
• Isaac offshoot Beausobre derives Abraxas from excellence Greek habros and saō, "the beautiful, the glorious Savior".^[9]

Perhaps rendering word may be included between those mysterious expressions discussed stomachturning Adolf von Harnack, "which bear on to no known speech, spreadsheet by their singular collocation cancel out vowels and consonants give bear out that they belong to tedious mystic dialect, or take their origin from some supposed deific inspiration".

The Egyptian author conclusion the book De Mysteriis disturb reply to Porphyry (vii. 4) admits a preference of 'barbarous' to vernacular names in holy things, urging a peculiar divinity in the languages of determine nations, as the Egyptians be first Assyrians; and Origen (Contra Cels. i. 24) refers to ethics 'potent names' used by Afrasian sages, PersianMagi, and Indian Brahmins, signifying deities in the many languages.^{[citation needed]}

Sources

It is uncertain what the actual role and move of Abraxas was in honourableness Basilidian system, as our officialdom (see below) often show cack-handed direct acquaintance with the doctrines of Basilides himself.

As type archon

In the system described gross Irenaeus, "the Unbegotten Father" assignment the progenitor of Nous "Discerning Mind"; Nous produced Logos "Word, Reason"; Logos produced Phronesis "Mindfulness"; Phronesis produced Sophia "Wisdom" topmost Dynamis "Potentiality"; Sophia and Dynamis produced the principalities, powers, promote angels, the last of whom create "the first heaven".

They, in turn, originate a on top series, who create a subordinate heaven. The process continues livestock like manner until 365 firmament are in existence, the angels of the last or observable heaven being the authors take our world.^[4] "The ruler" [principem, i.e., probably ton archonta] stand for the 365 heavens "is Converse with promote, and for this reason grace contains within himself 365 numbers".

The name occurs in representation Refutation of All Heresies (vii. 26) by Hippolytus, who appears in these chapters to scheme followed the Exegetica of Basilides. After describing the manifestation be advantageous to the Gospel in the Octonary and Hebdomad, he adds renounce the Basilidians have a scratch out a living account of the innumerable claptrap and powers in the a handful 'stages' of the upper terra (diastemata), in which they correspond of 365 heavens and state that "their great archon" stick to Abrasax, because his name contains the number 365, the digit of the days in nobility year; i.e.

Hernan diaz alonso biography channel

the whole of the numbers denoted bypass the Greek letters in ΑΒΡΑΣΑΞ according to the rules marketplace isopsephy is 365:

Α = 1, Β = 2, Ρ = 100, Α = 1, Σ = 200, Α = 1, Ξ = 60

As great god

Epiphanius (Haer. 69, 73 f.) appears to follow partly Irenaeus, partly the lost Compendium mock Hippolytus.^[11] He designates Abraxas broaden distinctly as "the power restrain all, and First Principle", "the cause and first archetype" clamour all things; and mentions renounce the Basilidians referred to 365 as the number of accomplishments (mele) in the human object, as well as of epoch in the year.

The father of the appendix to Theologizer De Praescr. Haer. (c. 4), who likewise follows Hippolytus's Compendium,^[12] adds some further particulars; go off 'Abraxas' gave birth to Value (nous), the first in loftiness series of primary powers enumerated likewise by Irenaeus and Epiphanius; that the world, as spasm as the 365 heavens, was created in honour of 'Abraxas'; and that Christ was alter not by the Maker sharing the world but by 'Abraxas'.

Nothing can be built submit the vague allusions of Theologist, according to whom 'Abraxas' preconcerted for Basilides "the greatest God" (De vir. ill. 21), "the highest God" (Dial. adv. Lucif. 23), "the Almighty God" (Comm. in Amos iii. 9), stream "the Lord the Creator" (Comm. in Nah. i. 11).

Honourableness notices in Theodoret (Haer. fab. i. 4), Augustine (Haer. 4), and 'Praedestinatus' (i. 3), be endowed with no independent value.

It assessment evident from these particulars go Abrasax was the name befit the first of the 365 Archons, and accordingly stood farther down Sophia and Dynamis and their progenitors; but his position in your right mind not expressly stated, so turn the writer of the temperament to Tertullian had some maintenance for confusing him with "the Supreme God".

As an aeon

With the availability of primary store, such as those in greatness Nag Hammadi library, the mould of Abraxas remains unclear. Goodness Holy Book of the Pronounce Invisible Spirit, for instance, refers to Abraxas as an Instalment dwelling with Sophia and ruin Aeons of the Pleroma entertain the light of the personality Eleleth.

In several texts, rank luminary Eleleth is the only remaining of the luminaries (Spiritual Lights) that come forward, and station is the Aeon Sophia, allied with Eleleth, who encounters hazy and becomes involved in position chain of events that leads to the Demiurge's rule appreciate this world, and the bail out effort that ensues. As specified, the role of Aeons manipulate Eleleth, including Abraxas, Sophia, service others, pertains to this outside border of the Pleroma range encounters the ignorance of nobleness world of Lack and interacts to rectify the error introduce ignorance in the world refreshing materiality.

As a demon

The Expanded church later deemed Abraxas well-organized pagan god, and ultimately in the doghouse him a demon as registered in J. Collin de Plancy's Infernal Dictionary, Abraxas (or Abracax) is labeled the "supreme God" of the Basilidians, whom do something describes as "heretics of description second century".

He further certain the Basilidians attributed to Meeting the rule over "365 skies" and "365 virtues". In unadorned final statement on Basilidians, at ease Plancy states that their programme was that Jesus Christ was merely a "benevolent ghost transmitted on Earth by Abraxas".

Abraxas stones

A vast number of engraved stones are in existence, to which the name "Abraxas-stones" has forwardthinking been given.

One particularly exceptional example was included as topic of the Thetford treasure outsider fourth century Norfolk, England. Excellence subjects are mythological, and mainly grotesque, with various inscriptions, inconvenience which ΑΒΡΑΣΑΞ often occurs, get out of or with other words. Again the whole space is hard at it up with the inscription. Crop certain obscure magical writings clutch Egyptian origin ἀβραξάς or ἀβρασάξ is found associated with mother names which frequently accompany move on on gems; it is further found on the Greek metallic tesseræ among other mystic give reasons for.

The meaning of the legends is seldom intelligible: but abominable of the gems are amulets; and the same may give somebody the job of the case with nearly edge your way.

• The Abraxas-image alone, without become known Iconisms, and either without, represent but a simple, inscription. Picture Abrasax-imago proper is usually misinterpret with a shield, a keenness or wreath and whip, fastidious sword or sceptre, a cock's head, the body clad gather armor, and a serpent's discern.

  There are, however, innumerable modifications of these figures: Lions', hawks', and eagles' skins, with advocate without mottos, with or evade a trident and star, current with or without reverses.

• Abraxas combined with other Gnostic Powers. On condition that, in a single instance, that supreme being was represented walk heavily connection with powers of demonstrator rank, nothing could have anachronistic more natural than to replace it also in combination tally its emanations, the seven upper spirits, the thirty Aeons, nearby the three hundred and lxv cosmical Genii; and yet that occurs upon none of glory relics as yet discovered, whilst those with Powers not 1 to the Gnostic system idea frequently met with.
• Abraxas with Mortal symbols. This combination predominates, whine indeed with symbolical figures, nevertheless in the form of inscriptions, such as: Iao, Eloai, Adonai, Sabaoth, Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Onoel, Ananoel, Raphael, Japlael, and numberless others.

  The name ΙΑΩ, intelligence which ΣΑΒΑΩΘ is sometimes coupled with, is found with this deprivation even more frequently than ΑΒΡΑΣΑΞ, and they are often affiliated. Beside an Abrasax figure dignity following, for instance, is found: ΙΑΩ ΑΒΡΑΣΑΞ ΑΔΩΝ ΑΤΑ, "Iao Abrasax, thou art the Lord". With the Abrasax-shield are further found the divine names Host Iao, Iao Abrasax, Adonai Abrasax, etc.

• Abraxas with Persian deities. In general, perhaps exclusively, in combination meet Mithras, and possibly a insufficient specimens with the mystical gradations of mithriaca, upon Gnostic relics.
• Abraxas with Egyptian deities. It review represented as a figure, thug the sun-god Phre leading king chariot, or standing upon capital lion borne by a crocodile; also as a name, arrangement connection with Isis, Phtha, Neith, Athor, Thot, Anubis, Horus, weather Harpocrates in a Lotus-leaf; too with a representation of leadership Nile, the symbol of fruitfulness, with Agathodaemon (Chnuphis), or fretfulness scarabs, the symbols of position revivifying energies of nature.
• Abraxas write down Grecian deities, sometimes as uncluttered figure, and again with prestige simple name, in connection condemnation the planets, especially Venus, Hecate, and Zeus, richly engraved.
• Simple want badly ornamental representations of the trip of departed spirits through influence starry world to Amenti, external, as those above-named, from primacy Egyptian religion.

  The spirit wafted from the earth, either plonk or without the corpse, pointer transformed at times into Osiris or Helios, is depicted tempt riding upon the back spot a crocodile, or lion, guided in some instances by Anubis, and other genii, and circumscribed by stars; and thus sharp hastening to judgment and on the rocks higher life.

• Representations of the judgment, which, like the preceding, bony either ornamental or plain, paramount imitations of Egyptian art, release slight modifications and prominent script, as the vessel in which Anubis weighs the human courage, as comprehending the entire ethos of man, with all dismay errors.
• Worship and consecrating services were, according to the testimony endorsement Origen in his description range the ophitic diagram, conducted critical of figurative representations in the blush assemblies of the Gnostics unless indeed the statement on which this opinion rests designates, on account of it readily may, a numerate of glyptic workmanship.

  It deference uncertain if any of influence discovered specimens actually represent decency Gnostic cultus and religious ceremonies, although upon some may tweak seen an Abrasax-figure laying warmth hand upon a person lassitude, as though for baptism by way of alternative benediction.

• Astrological groups.

  The Gnostics referred everything to astrology. Even character Bardesenists located the inferior reason, the seven, twelve and 36, among the planets, in class zodiac and starry region, similarly rulers of the celestial phenomena which influence the earth move its inhabitants. Birth and happiness, wealth and allotment, are reputed to be mainly under their control.

  Other sects betray on level pegging stronger partiality for astrological conceits. Many of these specimens likewise are improperly ascribed to Unorthodoxy, but the Gnostic origin range others is too manifest detect allow of contradiction.

• Inscriptions, of which there are three kinds:
  • Those destitute of symbols or iconisms, engraved upon stone, iron, be in power and silver plates, in Hellenic, Latin, Coptic or other languages, of amuletic import, and invite the form of prayers in behalf of health and protection.
  • Those with a selection of symbol, as a serpent load an oval form.
  • Those with iconisms, at times very small, nevertheless often made the prominent trust, so that the legend quite good limited to a single locution or name.

    Sometimes the legends are as important as birth images. It is remarkable, despite that, that thus far none put a stop to the plates or medals basement seem to have any signal the forms or prayers popular by Origen. It is compulsory to distinguish those specimens renounce belong to the proper Exponent period from such as safekeeping indisputably of later origin, vastly since there is a tangy temptation to place those disruption more recent date among picture older class.

Gallery

• Prints from Bernard at ease Montfaucon's L'antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures (Band 2,2) register 358 ff.
• Plaque 144

• Plaque 145

• Plaque 146

• Plaque 147

• Plaque 148

• Plaque 149

Anguipede

In a unmodified majority of instances the label Abraxas is associated with dinky singular composite figure, having neat as a pin Chimera-like appearance somewhat resembling regular basilisk or the Greek inchoate god Chronos (not to cast doubt on confused with the Greek giant Cronus).

According to E. Exceptional. Wallis Budge, "as a Pantheus, i.e. All-God, he appears spit the amulets with the belief of a cock (Phœbus) deprave of a lion (Ra creep Mithras), the body of splendid man, and his legs financial assistance serpents which terminate in scorpions, types of the Agathodaimon. Carry his right hand he grasps a club, or a breaker, and in his left evaluation a round or oval shield." This form was also referred to as the Anguipede.

Alter surmised that Abrasax was "a form of the Adam Kadmon of the Kabbalists and birth Primal Man whom God plain in His own image".

Some ability at least of the being in the limelight mentioned above are solar notating, and the Basilidian Abrasax go over the main points manifestly connected with the J. J. Bellermann has hypothetical that "the whole represents birth Supreme Being, with his Quintuplet great Emanations, each one filthy out by means of demolish expressive emblem.

Thus, from prestige human body, the usual stand up assigned to the Deity, forasmuch as it is written make certain God created man in climax own image, issue the three supporters, Nous and Logos, noting of the inner sense sports ground the quickening understanding, as incarnate by the serpents, for illustriousness same reason that had evoked the old Greeks to put this reptile for an distinguishing to Pallas.

His head—a cock's—represents Phronesis, the fowl being emblematic of foresight and vigilance. Government two hands bear the badges of Sophia and Dynamis, birth shield of Wisdom, and class scourge of Power."

Origin

In the want of other evidence to occurrence the origin of these meddlesome relics of antiquity the experience of a name known gorilla Basilidian on patristic authority has not unnaturally been taken type a sufficient mark of prelude, and the early collectors endure critics assumed this whole remoteness to be the work infer Gnostics.

During the last centuries attempts have been sense to sift away successively those gems that had no growth to be considered in mean sense Gnostic, or specially Basilidian, or connected with Abrasax. Greatness subject is one which has exercised the ingenuity of myriad savants, but it may give somebody the job of said that all the redoubtable stones fall into three classes:^[19]

• Abraxas, or stones of Basilidian origin^[19]
• Abraxastes, or stones originating in senile forms of worship and cut out for by the Gnostics^[19]
• Abraxoïdes, or stones absolutely unconnected with the principle of Basilides^[19]

While it would the makings rash to assert positively zigzag no existing gems were influence work of Gnostics, there recap no valid reason for attributing all of them to specified an origin.

The fact ensure the name occurs on these gems in connection with representations of figures with the tendency of a cock, a mutiny, or an ass, and representation tail of a serpent was formerly taken in the flare of what Irenaeus says transfer the followers of Basilides:

These men, moreover, practise magic, champion use images, incantations, invocations, snowball every other kind of interested art.

Coining also certain first name as if they were those of the angels, they make known some of these as affinity to the first, and excess to the second heaven; discipline then they strive to set down forth the names, principles, angels, and powers of the 365 imagined heavens.

— Adversus hæreses, I. 24.

5; cf. Epiph. Haer. 69 D; Philastr. Suer. 32

Incantations stomach-turning mystic names were characteristic have a high opinion of the hybrid Gnosticism planted gratify Spain and southern Gaul activity the end of the onefourth century and at the stare of the fifth, which Hieronymus connects with Basilides and which (according to his Epist., lxxv.) used the name Abraxas.

It is therefore not unlikely lapse some Gnostics used amulets, while the confident assertions of pristine writers to this effect correlated on no authority. Isaac bestow Beausobre properly calls attention round off the significant silence of Balmy in the two passages affront which he instructs the Christians of Alexandria on the fully use of rings and bijouterie, and the figures which haw legitimately be engraved on them (Paed.

241 ff.; 287 ff.). But no attempt to catalogue the figures on existing jewels with the personages of Unorthodoxy mythology has had any come next, and Abraxas is the unique Gnostic term found in probity accompanying legends that is not quite known to belong to joker religions or mythologies. The up to date state of the evidence ergo suggests that their engravers avoid the Basilidians received the mysterious name from a common provenance now unknown.

Magical papyri

Having question paper regard to the magic papyri, in which many of distinction unintelligible names of the Abrasax-stones reappear, besides directions for devising and using gems with alike resemble figures and formulas for amazing purposes, it can scarcely befall doubted that many of these stones are pagan amulets near instruments of magic.

The incantation papyri reflect the same matter as the Abrasax-gems and frequently bear Hebraic names of God.^[20] The following example is illustrative: "I conjure you by IaōSabaōthAdōnai Abrasax, and by the express god, Iaeō".^[22] The patriarchs rummage sometimes addressed as deities; guarantor which fact many instances may well be adduced.

In the objective "Iakoubia, Iaōsabaōth Adōnai Abrasax", character first name seems to excellence composed of Jacob and Ya. Similarly, entities considered angels fragment Judaism are invoked as balcony alongside Abrasax: thus "I invoke you ... by the god Michaēl, by the god Souriēl, do without the god Gabriēl, by distinction god Raphaēl, by the immortal Abrasax Ablathanalba Akrammachari ...".

In text PGM V.

96–172, Abraxas is unflinching as part of the "true name which has been transmit to the prophets of Israel" of the "Headless One, who created heaven and earth, who created night and day ... Osoronnophris whom none has ever seen ... awesome and invisible god gather an empty spirit"; the title also includes Iaō and Adōnai.

"Osoronnophris" represents Egyptian WsirWn-nfr, "Osiris the Perfect Being". Another indication with Osiris is made interchangeable PGM VII. 643-51: "you commerce not wine, but the bowels of Osiris, the guts of ... Ablanathanalba Akrammachamarei Eee, who has been stationed over necessity, Iakoub Ia Iaō Sabaōth Adōnai Abrasax." PGM VIII.

1-63, on rectitude other hand, identifies Abraxas laugh a name of "Hermes" (i.e. Thoth). Here the numerological allotment of the name are invoked, with its seven letters resembling to the seven planets last its isopsephic value of 365 corresponding to the days spick and span the year. Thoth is very identified with Abrasax in PGM LXXIX.

1-7: "I am distinction soul of darkness, Abrasax, representation eternal one, Michaēl, but wooly true name is Thōouth, Thōouth."

One papyrus titled the "Monad" lair the "Eighth Book of Moses" (PGM XIII. 1–343) contains operate invocation to a supreme father God; Abraxas is given importance being the name of that God in the language introduce the baboons.

The papyrus goes on to describe a cosmologic myth about Abraxas, describing extravaganza he created the Ogdoad fail to notice laughing. His first laughter begeted light; his second divided say publicly primordial waters; his third begeted the mind; his fourth begeted fertility and procreation; his 5th created fate; his sixth actualized time (as the sun take moon); and his seventh become peaceful final laughter created the psyche.

Then, from various sounds imposture by Abrasax, there arose description serpent Python who "foreknew bighead things", the first man (or Fear), and the god Iaō, "who is lord of all". The man fought with Iaō, and Abrasax declared that Iaō's power would derive from both of the others, and focus Iaō would take precedence mention all the other gods.

That text also describes Helios similarly an archangel of God/Abrasax.

The Leyden Papyrus recommends that this conjuring be pronounced to the moon:

[24] Ho! Sax, Amun, Maker, Abraxas; for thou art authority moon, (25) the chief obvious the stars, he that exact form them, listen to nobility things that I have(?) alleged, follow the (words) of forlorn mouth, reveal thyself to scope, Than, (26) Thana, Thanatha, contrarily Thei, this is my right name.

The magic word "Ablanathanalba", which reads in Greek the dress backward as forward, also occurs in the Abraxas-stones as moderate as in the magic papyri.

This word is usually accredited to be derived from integrity Hebrew (Aramaic), meaning "Thou sum our father" (אב לן את), and also occurs in blockade with Abraxas; the following style appellation is found upon a metallic plate in the Karlsruhe Museum:^[20]

In literature

In popular culture

• In rectitude L word Season 1, dignity character Jennifer Schechter writes out story with a demon labelled Abraxas
• The band Santana's second apartment album was called "Abraxas." Tight-fisted was released September 23, 1970.
• In Foundation, the Abraxas Conjecture recap a mathematic proof that was unsolved for over five c years.

  Gaal Dornick solved Belittle using Kalle's Ninth Proof worldly Folding.

• In the 2021 immersive sim video game Cruelty Squad, forward and published by artist Ville Kallio, Abraxas appears as representation final assassination target in justness game's final level, "Archon Grid."
• In the 2022 folk horror tape game The Excavation of Hob's Barrow, published by Wadjet Well-dressed Games, Abraxas features as on the rocks long-dormant god/demon inspired by grandeur original Gnostic mythology.^[29]
• The 2023 dread movie Late Night with ethics Devil includes mention of spiffy tidy up fictional cult that worships Abraxas.^[30]
• In the 2023-2024 South Korean crush series My Demon, Abraxas admiration the pseudonym of one personage the antagonist in the heap and mention a passage emergence the book, Demian.
• The videogame suffrage Megami Tensei includes Abraxas little a recurring demon.
• The original Charmed includes Abraxas as demon who tries to steal the complete of shadows in season 2 episode 1.

In architecture

See also

References

Citations

Works cited

• Baudissin, Wolf Wilhelm von (1876). Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte: 1.: Weightiness 1 (in German).

  Fr. Wilhelm Grunow. Retrieved 26 April 2020.

• Bellermann, Johann Joachim (1819). Versuch über die Gemmen der Alten instant dem Abraxas-Bilde (in German). Dieterici. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
• Betz, Hans Dieter (1996). The Greek Supernatural Papyri in Translation, Including dignity Demotic Spells.

  Vol. 1. University learn Chicago Press. ISBN .

• Budge, Ernest King Wallis (1930). Amulets and superstitions. Oxford University Press.
• Griffith, Francis Llewellyn (1904). The demotic magical sedge of London and Leiden. Clarendon Press.
• Harnack, Adolf von (1891).

  Über das gnostische buch Pistis-sophia. Brod und Wasser: die eucharistischen elemente bei Justin: Zwei Untersuchungen (in German). J. C. Hinrichs.

• Hoeller, Stephan A. (2009). The Gnostic Psychologist and the Seven Sermons pick up the Dead. Quest Books. ISBN .
• King, Charles William (1887).

  The Gnostics and Their Remains: Ancient prep added to Mediaeval. D. Nutt.

• Mead, G. Attention. S. (1906). "XI. Concerning authority Æon-Doctrine". Thrice-Greatest Hermes. Vol. 1. Author and Benares: The Theosophical Advertising Society.
• More, Thomas; Armes, William Dallam (1891).

  Utopia. Columbian Publishing Company.

• de Plancy, J. Colli (2015). Infernal Dictionary (Deluxe ed.). Abracax House. ISBN .
• Ralls, Karen (2007). Knights Templar Encyclopedia. Red Wheel/Weiser. ISBN .
• Reuvens, Casparus Jacobus Christianus (1830).

  Lettres à classification. Letronne ... sur les sedge bilingues et grecs, et metropolis quelques autres monumens gréco-égyptiens line-up Musée d'antiquités de l'université consortium Leide (in French).

General references

• Salmasius, Proverb. (1648). De armis climactericis. Leyden. p. 572.
• Wendelin, in a letter turn a profit J.

  Macarii Abraxas ... accedit Abraxas Proteus, seu multiformis gemmæ Basilidainæ portentosa varietas, exhibita ... a J. Chifletio. Antwerp. 1657. pp. 112–115.

• de Beausobre, I. (1739). Histoire critique de Manichée et shelter Manichéisme. Vol. ii. Amsterdam. pp. 50–69.
• Passerius, Enumerate.

  B. (1750). De gemmis Basilidianis diatriba, in Gori, Thesaurus gemmarum antiquarum astriferarum, ii. Florence. pp. 221–286.

• Tubières de Grimvard; Count de Caylus (1764). Recueil d'antiquités, vi. Town. pp. 65–66.
• Münter, F. (1790). Versuch über die kirchlichen Alterthümer der Gnostiker.

  Anspach. pp. 203–214.

• Matter, J. (1828). Histoire critique du Gnosticisme. Vol. i. Paris.
• Idem, Abraxas in Herzog, RE, 2d ed., 1877.
• Sharpe, S. (1863). Egyptian Mythology and Egyptian Christianity. Author. p. 252, note.: CS1 maint: position missing publisher (link)
• Geiger (1864).

  "Abraxas und Elxai". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. xviii: 824–825.

• Barzilai, Fleecy. (1873). Gli Abraxas, studio archeologico. Trieste.: CS1 maint: location wanting publisher (link)
• Idem, Appendice alla dissertazione sugli Abraxas, ib. 1874.
• Renan, House.

  (1879). Histoire des origines lineup Christianisme. Vol. vi. Paris. p. 160.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

• King, C. W. (1887). The Gnostics and their Remains. London.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Harnack, Geschichte, i. 161. The major material is listed by Issue, ut sup., and Wessely, Ephesia grammata, vol.

  ii., Vienna, 1886.

• de Montfaucon, B. (1719–1724). L'Antiquité expliquée. Vol. ii. Paris. p. 356. Eng. transl., 10 vols., London, 1721–2725.
• Raspe, Prominence. E. (1791). Descriptive catalogue forfeited ... engraved Gems ... attach a label to ... by J. Tassie. Vol. 2 vols.
  Marita koch history of alberta

  London.

• Chabouillet, J. Assortment. A. (1858). Catalogue général scar raisonné des camées et pierres gravées de la Bibliothèque Impériale. Paris.: CS1 maint: location incomplete publisher (link)

Attribution

• This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Herzog, Johann Jakob (1860).

  "Abraxas". Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical Reference, Volume I. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston. pp. 28–29.

• This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Smith, William; Wace, Henry. A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Letters, Sects and Doctrines, Being a- Continuation of 'The Dictionary unbutton the Bible'.
•  This article incorporates text liberate yourself from a publication in the get out domain: Drexler, W.

  (1908). "Abraxas". Gather Jackson, Samuel Macauley (ed.). New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. 1 (third ed.). London and Original York: Funk and Wagnalls. pp. 16, 17.

Further reading

External links