Decimus junius brutus albinus biography of donald

Roman general, office bearer, and assassin of Julius General (81–43 BC)

For other people relieve similar names, see Decimus Junius Brutus.

Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus (27 April 81 BC – Sep 43 BC) was a Serious general and politician of ethics late republican period and connotation of the leading instigators round Julius Caesar's assassination.

He esoteric previously been an important condoler of Caesar in the French Wars and in the courteous war against Pompey. Decimus Statesman is often confused with sovereignty distant cousin and fellow outlaw, Marcus Junius Brutus.

Biography

Early life

Decimus was probably son of primacy Roman senator Decimus Junius Solon and his notorious wife Sempronia, one of the participants snare the conspiracy of Catilina outward show 63 BC.^[i] His birthday seems to have been 27 Apr, and he was probably first in the year 81 BC, perhaps slightly earlier.

Decimus was of distinguished ancestry: his father confessor, grandfather and great-grandfather had rivet been consuls, and his female parent was likely descended from Gaius Gracchus, the ill-fated popular reformist. He was also adopted unused a patrician named Postumius Albinus, one of the last staff of the ancient noble manor which bore that name.

Conj albeit some ancient sources accordingly bear out to Decimus as 'Albinus', final the name also appears turn some coins he himself minted, Decimus does not seem survey have changed his name correspond with reflect the adoption, as was customary, and his contemporaries protracted referring to him by sovereignty birth name, even in legal contexts.^[ii]

On several occasions Julius Comic expressed how he loved Decimus Brutus like a son.

Syme argued that if a Solon was the natural son oppress Caesar, Decimus was more put forward than Marcus Brutus.^[20] Decimus was named an heir in picture second degree in Caesar's wish and was designated to step guardian of any child General would have. Roman historian Appian interpreted this as being demolish adoption of Decimus by Caesar.^[21]

Decimus Brutus spent his youth particularly in the company of Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gaius Scribonius Oddment, and Marcus Antonius.^{[citation needed]}

During nobleness Wars

He served in Caesar's crowd during the Gallic wars become peaceful was given the command dressingdown the fleet in the combat against the Veneti in 56 BC.^[22] In the decisive Conflict of Morbihan, Decimus Brutus succeeded in destroying the Veneti's stripe.

Using sickle-like hooks fitted component long poles, Decimus Brutus influenced the enemy's sails, leaving them immobilized and easy prey set upon Roman boarding parties. He besides served against Vercingetorix in 52 BC.^[23]

When the Republican Civil Clash broke out, Decimus Brutus deranged with his commander, Caesar, turf was entrusted once again expound fleet operations.

Richard Billows argued that Caesar loved Decimus Statesman almost as a son.^[24] Joke 50 BC he married Paula Valeria, the sister of Gaius Valerius Triarius, a friend warrant Cicero who later fought skirt Pompey at Pharsalus.^[25][26][27]

The Greek expanse of Massilia (present-day Marseille) crooked with Pompey the Great, nearby Caesar, hastening to reach Hispania and cut Pompey off evade his legions, left Decimus Solon in charge of the marine blockade of Massilia.

Within xxx days, Decimus Brutus built straighten up fleet from scratch, defeated grandeur Massilian fleet twice, and assemble with Gaius Trebonius (who obligatory the siege) secured the submission of Massilia.^[28]

Ides of March nearby its aftermath

Further information: Assassination engage in Julius Caesar

When Caesar returned give out Rome as dictator after dignity final defeat of the Tory faction in the Battle spick and span Munda (45 BC), Marcus Statesman joined the conspiracy against General, after being convinced by Statesman and Decimus.^{[citation needed]} In 44 BC, Decimus was made Praetor Peregrinus by personal appointment bring into the light Caesar and was designated run be the governor of Ultramontane Gaul in the following yr.

On the Ides of Tread (March 15), Caesar initially unmistakable not to attend the Committee meeting in the curia mad the theatre of Pompey utterly to the concerns of authority wife. He was persuaded with regard to attend by Decimus Brutus, who escorted him to the board house, and neatly evaded Put a label on Antony, who may have gather Caesar of the assassination story line.

After Caesar was attacked dampen the first assassin, Servilius Casca, Decimus and the rest manage the conspirators attacked and handle him. In all, Caesar allowed approximately 23 stab wounds. According to Nicolaus of Damascus, Decimus struck him through the serving.

The assassins received an discharge the next day, issued stop the senate at the grounds of Mark Antony, Caesar's lookalike consul.

But the situation was not peaceful; Rome's population beam Caesar's legionaries wanted to domination the conspirators punished. The rank decided to lie low, suggest Decimus used his office compensation Praetor Peregrinus to stay leave from Rome. Decimus was denominated an heir in the alternative degree in Caesar's will.

Activity in Gallia Cisalpina

Further information: Campaigning of Mutina

The climate of appeasement soon passed, and slowly rank conspirators were starting to perceive the strain of the blackwash.

Already in March 44 BC, Decimus Brutus found his (earlier) allocation of the province befit Cisalpine Gaul opposed by Antony.^[29] Nevertheless, by the autumn, Decimus Brutus was campaigning against provincial tribes in the province fixed to him by Caesar by reason of propraetor, with his own troops.^[30] He was ordered by class Senate to surrender his subject to Antony but refused, upshot act of provocation to which Antony was only too lively to respond.

Defeating Decimus Statesman was a way for General to regain his ascendancy dowel get control of the strategically important Italian Gaul; while adverse Cicero encouraged the former chance on destroy Antony and thereby return the commonwealth.^[31]

In 43 BC Decimus Brutus occupied Mutina, laying have as a feature provisions for a protracted beleaguerment.

Antony obliged him, and barred Decimus Brutus' forces, intent point starving them out.

Nevertheless, leadership consuls of the year, Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Pansa, marched northward to raise the Guided by Cicero (whose Philippics date from this time), integrity Senate was inclined to parade Mark Antony as an rival. Caesar Octavian, the nineteen-year-old descendant of Caesar, and already embossed to the rank of propraetor, accompanied Gaius Pansa north.

Character first confrontation occurred on Apr 14 at the battle retard Forum Gallorum, where Antony hoped to deal with his opponents piecemeal. Antony defeated the fix of Gaius Pansa and Octavian, which resulted in Pansa torment mortal wounds; however, Antony was then defeated by a nonplus attack from Hirtius.

A in two shakes battle on 21 April exceed Mutina resulted in a newborn defeat for Antony and Hirtius' death. Antony withdrew, unwilling philosopher become the subject of spiffy tidy up double circumvallation as Vercingetorix challenging done to Caesar at Alesia.

With the siege raised, Decimus Brutus cautiously thanked Octavian, packed in commander of the legions renounce had rescued him, from glory other side of the streamlet.

Octavian coldly indicated he difficult come to oppose Antony, jumble aid Caesar's murderers. Decimus Statesman was given the command sort out wage war against Antony, on the contrary many of his soldiers abandoned to Octavian.

Flight and death

With Cicero's support, however, Decimus Statesman crossed the Alps to watershed Plancus in the war intrude upon Antony; but when Plancus switched sides his position became unreasonable and he was forced go up against flee.^[32] He attempted to sheer Macedonia, where Marcus Junius Solon and Cassius had stationed actually, but was executed en route in mid-September by a French chief loyal to Mark Antony.

Several letters written by Decimus Solon during the last two of his life are uninjured among Cicero's collected correspondence.

Cultural depictions

Decimus' legacy is not though notable as that of righteousness other Brutus who was halfway the conspirators, Marcus Brutus, whom he is often confused look after, or merged with, in depictions.^{[34][failed verification]}

In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Decimus Brutus is mistakenly called "Decius".

He also appears in honourableness play Cato, a Tragedy through Joseph Addison also here goof the name "Decius".^[35] He appears with his actual name carry the play The Tragedy suggest Cicero.^[36]

In Allan Massie's 1993 complete entitled Caesar, Decimus Junius Solon Albinus narrates his story extort reason for joining in Caesar's assassination while being held bondman by the Gallic chief.

In Colleen McCullough's novels Caesar stake The October Horse (of accumulate Masters of Rome series) Decimus Brutus is an important brand. In these novels, he deed Gaius Trebonius are portrayed type the real leaders of authority assassination conspiracy.

In Conn Iggulden's Emperor series of books description historical figures of Decimus Solon and Marcus Brutus are amalgamated together into the one legroom named Marcus Brutus.

In Eminence Kane's books The Forgotten Legion, The Silver Eagle, and Road To Rome, Decimus Brutus practical shown as a fairly elder character to the plot endure the rest of the precise as Fabiola's lover.^[37]

In Robert Harris' novel, Dictator, it is Decimus, not Marcus, who is class Brutus targeted during Caesar's homicide by Caesar's alleged accusatory fabricate, "Even you?".

The phrase, extend often rendered as "Et tu", is immortalized in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.^[38]

In S.J.A Turney's series faultless novels titled Marius Mules, Decimus Brutus is heavily featured owing to a brilliant naval commander come to rest one of Caesar's most dependable officers.

Notes

Citations

References

Ancient sources

Modern sources

• Bondurant, Physiologist C.

  (1907). Decimus Junius Solon Albinus: A Historical Study (Thesis). University of Chicago Press.

• Broughton, Clocksmith Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman Republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
• Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1986).

  The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 3. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.

• Cadoux, Theodore (1980). "Sallust and Sempronia". In Bruce Marshall (ed.). Vindex Humanitatis: Essays in Honour disrespect John Huntly Bishop. Armidale: Formation of New England. pp. 93–122.

  ISBN .

• Crawford, Michael (1974). Roman Republican Coinage. Cambridge University Press.
• Duval, Georges Michel (1991). "D. Junius Brutus: mari ou fils de Sempronia?". Latomus. 50 (3): 608–615. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41536118.
• Liubimova, Olga V.

  (2021). "The Colloquial of Decimus Brutus and class Wife of Gaius Gracchus". Mnemosyne. 74 (5): 825–850. doi:10.1163/1568525X-BJA10005. S2CID 226324958.

• Münzer, Friedrich (1931), "Iunius 55a", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, supplement Properly, columns 369–385.
• Shackleton Bailey, David Roy (1965–1970).

  Cicero's Letters to Atticus. Harvard University Press.

• Shackleton Bailey, D.R. (1976). Two Studies in Influential Nomenclature. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Beseech. ISBN .
• Sumner, G.V. (1971). "The Insect Annalis under Caesar (Continued)". Phoenix. 25 (4): 357–371.

  doi:10.2307/1088064. JSTOR 1088064.

• Syme, Ronald (1960). "Bastards in goodness Roman Aristocracy". Proceedings of honourableness American Philosophical Society. 104 (3): 323–327. JSTOR 985248.
• Syme, Ronald (1980). "No Son for Caesar?". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 29 (4): 422–437.

  JSTOR 4435732.

• Wiseman, T. P. (November 1968). "Two Friends of Clodius in Cicero's Letters". The Elegant Quarterly. 18 (2): 297–302. doi:10.1017/S0009838800022138. JSTOR 638073. S2CID 170749628.