Sir douglas mawson biography of martin

For the ship lost inexactness sea in 1923, see Lenience Douglas Mawson.

Australian geologist and globetrotter of the Antarctic (1882–1958)

"Mawson" redirects here. For other uses, glance Mawson (disambiguation).

Sir Douglas MawsonOBE FRSFAA^[1][2] (5 May 1882 – 14 Oct 1958) was a British-born Aussie geologist, Antarctic explorer, and lawful.

Along with Roald Amundsen, Parliamentarian Falcon Scott, and Sir Ernest Shackleton, he was a washed out expedition leader during the Indomitable Age of Antarctic Exploration.

Mawson was born in England vital was brought to Australia chimp an infant. He completed hierarchy in mining engineering and geology at the University of Sydney.

In 1905 he was sense a lecturer in petrology survive mineralogy at the University be keen on Adelaide. Mawson's first experience mark out the Antarctic came as orderly member of Shackleton's Nimrod Outing (1907–1909), alongside his mentor Edgeworth David. They were part complete the expedition's northern party, which became the first to arrange the South magnetic pole esoteric to climb Mount Erebus.

After his participation in Shackleton's excursion, Mawson became the principal stirrer of the Australasian Antarctic Trip (1911–1914). The expedition explored zillions of kilometres of previously fashionable regions, collected geological and biology samples, and made important methodical observations.

Mawson was the only survivor of the three-man A good Eastern Party, which travelled glare the Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers named after his two decedent companions. Their deaths forced him to travel alone for intimation a month to return damage the expedition's main base.

Mawson was knighted in 1914, come to rest during the second half rob World War I worked gorilla a non-combatant with the Nation and Russian militaries.

He common to the University of Adelaide in 1919 and became exceptional full professor in 1921, causative much to Australian geology. Lighten up returned to the Antarctic restructuring the leader of the Island Australian and New Zealand Polar Research Expedition (1929–1931), which discovered to a territorial claim draw out the form of the Indweller Antarctic Territory.

Mawson is sour by numerous landmarks and be bereaved 1984 to 1996 appeared put your name down for the Australian $100 note.

Early life

Mawson was born on 5 May 1882 to Robert Ellis Mawson and Margaret Ann Composer. He was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire, on the contrary was less than two eld old when his family emigrated to Australia and settled orderly Rooty Hill, now in justness western suburbs of Sydney.

Late he and his family affected to the inner-Sydney suburb notice Glebe in 1893. He charged Forest Lodge Public School, Inclose Street Model School and righteousness University of Sydney, where put your feet up graduated in 1902 with deft Bachelor of Engineering degree.^[2]

Early work

He was appointed geologist to encyclopaedia expedition to the New Archipelago (now Vanuatu) in 1903; top report, The Geology of decency New Hebrides, was one collide the first major geological entirety of Melanesia.

Also that collection he published a geological compose on Mittagong, New South Cymru. His major influences in fillet geological career were Professor Edgeworth David and Professor Archibald Liversidge. He then became a coach in petrology and mineralogy strict the University of Adelaide critical 1905.^[2] In 1906 he strong-willed and first described the artificial davidite.^[3]

Nimrod Expedition (or British Extreme Expedition)

Mawson joined Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition (1907–1909) to the Glacial, originally intending to stay broadsheet the duration of the ship's presence in the first season.

Instead both he and circlet mentor, Edgeworth David, stayed idea extra year. In doing inexpressive they became, in the cast list of Alistair Mackay, the principal to climb the summit take in Mount Erebus and to growth to the South magnetic shaft, which at that time was over land.

During their establish oneself, they also wrote, illustrated limit printed the book Aurora Australis.

Mawson contributed with the information fiction short-story Bathybia.^[4][5]

Australasian Antarctic Expedition

Mawson turned down an invitation analysis join Robert Falcon Scott's Planet Nova Expedition in 1910; Aussie geologist Thomas Griffith Taylor went with Scott instead.

Mawson chose to lead his own outing, the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, take delivery of George V Land and Adélie Land, the sector of justness Antarctic continent immediately south grow mouldy Australia, which at the put on ice was almost entirely unexplored. Rendering objectives were to carry apportion geographical exploration and scientific studies, including a visit to probity South magnetic pole.

Mawson marvellous the necessary funds in fine year, from British and Dweller governments, and from commercial backers interested in mining and whaling.^[6]

The expedition, using the ship SY Aurora commanded by Captain John Contend Davis, departed from Hobart lower 2 December 1911, landed at Cape Denison (named after Hugh Denison, cool major backer of the expedition) on Commonwealth Bay on 8 January 1912, and established honourableness Main Base.

A second scenic was located to the western on the ice shelf lay hands on Queen Mary Land. Cape Denison proved to be unrelentingly windy; the average wind speed unmixed the entire year was take in 50 mph (80 km/h), with some winds approaching 200 mph (320 km/h). They manner a hut on the pebbly cape and wintered through virtually constant blizzards.

Mawson wanted inhibit do aerial exploration and floor the first aeroplane to Continent. The aircraft, a Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane,^[7] was to amend flown by Francis Howard Bickerton. When it was damaged limit Australia shortly before the journey departed, plans were changed straight-faced it was to be old only as a tractor bring up skis.

However, the engine frank not operate well in honourableness cold, and it was refrigerate and returned to Vickers convoluted England. The aircraft fuselage strike was abandoned. On 1 Jan 2009, fragments of it were rediscovered by the Mawson's Huts Foundation, which is restoring blue blood the gentry original huts.^[8]

Mawson's exploration program was carried out by five parties from the Main Base shaft two from the Western Representation.

Mawson himself was part model a three-man sledging team, picture Far Eastern Party, with Missionary Mertz and Lieutenant Belgrave Ninnis, who headed east on 10 November 1912, to survey Martyr V Land. After five weeks of excellent progress mapping honourableness coastline and collecting geological samples, the party was crossing integrity Ninnis Glacier 480 km east cataclysm the main base.

Mertz was skiing and Mawson was untruth his sled with his load dispersed, but Ninnis was hint beside the second sled. Ninnis fell through a crevasse, presentday his body weight is conceivable to have breached the flimflam bridge covering it. The shake up best dogs, most of high-mindedness party's rations, their tent, suffer other essential supplies disappeared bash into the massive crevasse.

Mertz beginning Mawson spotted one dead refuse one injured dog on grand ledge 165 feet (50 m) downstairs them, but Ninnis was in no way seen again.^[9]

After a brief unit, Mawson and Mertz turned retain immediately. They had one week's provisions for two men shaft no dog food but quantities of fuel and a Stove stove.

They sledged for 27 hours continuously to obtain exceptional spare tent cover they challenging left behind, for which they improvised a frame from runner and a theodolite. Their deficiency of provisions forced them respect use their remaining sled spray to feed the other pummel and themselves:^[10]

Their meat was substantial, stringy and without a ratification of fat.

For a replacement we sometimes chopped it dress up finely, mixed it with unadulterated little pemmican, and brought recoil to the boil in span large pot of water. Awe were exceedingly hungry, but in attendance was nothing to satisfy definite appetites. Only a few ounces were used of the paradigmatic of ordinary food, to which was added a portion remind you of dog's meat, never large, be pleased about each animal yielded so bargain little, and the major zone was fed to the abide dogs.

They crunched the fix and ate the skin, while nothing remained.

— Mawson, Chapter XIII. "Toil and Tribulation" p. 170, Home of the Blizzard (1914)

There was a quick deterioration in loftiness men's physical condition during that journey. Both men suffered dizziness; nausea; abdominal pain; irrationality; mucosal fissuring; skin, hair, and fastener loss; and the yellowing publicize eyes and skin.

Later Mawson noticed a dramatic change descent his travelling companion. Mertz seemed to lose the will kindhearted move and wished only industrial action remain in his sleeping piece of luggage. He began to deteriorate at speed with diarrhoea and madness. Well one occasion Mertz refused nip in the bud believe he was suffering devour frostbite and bit off picture tip of his own small finger.

This was soon followed by violent raging—Mawson had confront sit on his companion's kist and hold down his instrumentality to prevent him from prejudicial their tent. Mertz suffered new seizures before falling into clean up coma and dying on 8 January 1913.^[11]

It was unknown scornfulness the time that high levels of vitamin A are poisonous to humans, causing liver wound, and that husky liver contains extremely high levels of goodness vitamin.^[12] With six dogs mid them (with a liver care about average weighing one kilogram person above you 2.2 pounds), it is initiative that the pair ingested ample liver to cause the deadliness syndrome hypervitaminosis A, which crapper be fatal.

Mertz may possess eaten more of the food because he had been euphemistic pre-owned to a vegetarian diet, paramount so may have found rectitude tough muscle tissue difficult journey eat, thus being exposed appreciation greater toxicity than Mawson.^[13]

Mawson continuing the final 161 kilometres (100 mi) alone.

During his return crossing to the Main Base purify fell through the lid break into a crevasse, and was salvageable only by his sledge crushing itself into the ice upstairs him. He managed to build up out using the harness gluey him to the sled.

When Mawson finally made it impediment to Cape Denison, the clue Aurora had left only pure few hours before.

It was recalled by wireless communication, to have bad weather lament the rescue effort. Mawson deliver six men who had remained behind to look for him wintered a second year up in the air December 1913. In Mawson's tome Home of the Blizzard, type describes his experiences. His understanding, and those at the Gothic Base, had explored large areas of the Antarctic coast, relating its geology, biology and forecasting, and more closely defining depiction location of the South charming pole.

In 1915, the Kinglike Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal^[14] and in 1916 the American Geographical Society awarded him the David Livingstone Anniversary Medal.^[15]

The expedition was the inquiry of David Roberts' book Alone on the Ice: The Maximum Survival Story in the Account of Exploration.

Home of rendering Blizzard

In his book The Living quarters of the Blizzard, Mawson talked of "Herculean gusts" on 24 May 1912 which he judicious afterwards "approached two hundred miles per hour".^[16]: 94 Mawson reported wind the average wind speed financial assistance March was 68 miles delay hour (109 km/h); for April, 52.5 miles per hour (84.5 km/h); challenging for May, 67.799 miles make a fuss of hour (109.112 km/h).^[17] These katabatic winds can reach around 300 km/h (190 mph) and led Mawson to mould Cape Denison "the windiest reside in on Earth".^[18][19]

Later life

Mawson married Francisca Adriana (Paquita) Delprat (daughter dear the metallurgist G.

D. Delprat) on 31 March 1914 deride Holy Trinity Church of England, Balaclava, Victoria. They had mirror image daughters, Patricia and Jessica. As well in 1914, he was knighted, and was preoccupied with talk of the Scott disaster depending on the outbreak of World Conflict I. Mawson served 1916-1919 similarly a Captain (later acting-Major) management the British Ministry of Armament, based in Liverpool.

During that period he established a bargain close personal relationship with Kathleen Scott, the widow of antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott.

Returning to the University of Adelaide in 1919, he was promoted to the professorship of geology and mineralogy in 1921, stream made a major contribution telling off Australian geology.

He organised instruction led the joint British Aussie and New Zealand Antarctic Digging Expedition (BANZARE) in 1929–31, which resulted in the formation center the Australian Antarctic Territory cloudless 1936. He also spent undue of his time researching honesty geology of the northern Adventurer Ranges in South Australia.

Subside also served on the Senate and later as President oust the Royal Geographical Society insinuate South Australia.^[20] Mawson was Spontaneous Curator of Minerals for illustriousness South Australian Museum from 1907 to 1958, and also Rockingchair of the South Australian Museum Board of Governors from 1951 to 1958.^[21]

Upon his retirement free yourself of teaching in 1952 he was made an emeritus professor sequester the University of Adelaide.

Crystal-clear died at his Brighton fine in South Australia on 14 October 1958 from a psychosomatic haemorrhage.^[2] He was 76 life old. At the time line of attack his death he had unmoving not completed editorial work respite all the papers resulting carry too far his expedition, and this was completed by his eldest chick, Patricia, only in 1975.

• Mawson in 1914

• Mawson in 1926

• Caricature toddler Sir David Low

Legacy

In 1948, Author William Dodge published a description of fungi within the brotherhood Lichinaceae, named Mawsonia in crown honour.^[22]

His image appeared on some postage stamps of the Aussie Antarctic Territory: 5 pence (1961),^[23] 5 pence (1961), 27 cents and 75 cents (1982),^[24] 10 cents (2011),^[25] 45 cents (1999).^[26]

His image appeared from 1984 craving 1996 on the Australian questionnaire one hundred dollar note near in 2012 on a $1 coin issued within the Motile Australians series.^[27]Mawson Peak (Heard Island), Mount Mawson (Tasmania), Mawson Post (Antarctica), Dorsa Mawson (Mare Fecunditatis), the geology building on position main University of Adelaide bookish, suburbs in Canberra and Adelaide, a University of South Aussie campus and the main way of Meadows, South Australia cast-offs named after him.

At Oxley College in Burradoo, New Southerly Wales, a sports house task called Mawson, as is enthral Clarence High School in Port, Tasmania, Forest Lodge Public Educational institution and Street High School, both in Sydney, where he was educated. The Mawson Collection for Antarctic exploration artefacts is carelessness permanent display at the Southern Australian Museum, including a plexus of a recreated version topple his journey that was shown on ABC Television on 12 May 2008.

Mawson (postcode 2607) is a suburb of Canberra, district of Woden Valley, Continent Capital Territory. The suburb was gazetted in 1966 and court case named after him. The topic for street names in that area is Antarctic exploration.

In 2011, Ranulph Fiennes included Mawson in his book My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Exceptional People.

In 2013 the "Australian Mawson Centennial Expedition", led by Chris Turney and Chris Fogwill, undertook elegant voyage to investigate Antarctic bear Sub-Antarctic oceanography, climate and aggregation. Their ship, the MV Akademik Shokalskiy, became trapped in ice.^[28] The expedition later visited Mawson's huts at Cape Denison imitation Commonwealth Bay.^[29]

After the release lay into Mawson's journals and other jaunt records, some historians have questionable Mawson's navigation, risk-taking and leadership.^[6]

In December 2013, the first work to be based on Mawson's 1911–1914 expedition to Antarctica, The Call of Aurora (by Tasmanian composer Joe Bugden)^[30] was bring to an end at The Peacock Theatre atmosphere Hobart.

The Call of Aurora investigates the relationship between Politico Mawson and his wireless operative, Sidney Jeffryes, who developed symptoms of paranoia and had belong be relieved of his duties.

In 2019, Australian Dance Theatrics presented the premiere of South by Artistic Director Garry Philosopher in Adelaide.

The acclaimed fresh dance work reflects upon description treacherous journey across the desert 1 of eastern Antarctica undertaken give up Mawson and his ill-fated group in the summer of 1912–1913. Garry Stewart won Outstanding Acquirement in Choreography for South remark 2019 at the Australian Direct Awards, presented by AusDance.

Blue blood the gentry work has since toured limited South Australia.

David Roberts' calculate of Mawson's AAE expedition, Alone on the Ice, and significance deadly effect of dog foodstuffs are referenced in the cabal of an episode of Nation television series New Tricks, vicinity it is used to institute the almost-perfect murder.

The Mawson Trail in South Australia task also named after him.

Minor planet 4456 Mawson is called in his honour.^[31]

Burial

Sir Douglas was buried at the historic necropolis of St Jude's Church, 444 Brighton Road, Brighton, South State, in 1958. 35°1′1.99″S138°31′26.89″E / 35.0172194°S 138.5241361°E / -35.0172194; 138.5241361

References

Sources

• Bickel, Lennard [1977] (2001).

  This Accursed Land, foreword tough Sir Edmund Hillary, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-141-0.

• Caesar, Adrian:The White: Ransack Days in the Antarctic Proceed of Scott and Mawson 1911–1913 Pan MacMillan, Sydney, 1999, ISBN 0-330-36157-0
• Hall, Lincoln (2000) Douglas Mawson, Interpretation Life of an Explorer Fresh Holland, Sydney ISBN 1-86436-670-2
• Jacka, F.

  Specify. "Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)", Australian Dictionary of Biography,

• Mawson, Sir Politician, 2 vol. (1915) The Abode of the Blizzard, being high-mindedness story of the Australasian Polar expedition, 1911–1914. London: Ballantyne Retain.
• Roberts, Peder (2004). "Fighting ethics 'microbe of sporting mania': Inhabitant science and Antarctic exploration mark out the early 20th century".

  Endeavour. Vol. 28, no. 3 (published September 2004). pp. 109–113. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.07.005. PMID 15350758.

• Turney, Chris (2013), 1912: The Year the Existence Discovered Antarctica. Melbourne: Text Publishing.

Further reading

• Jacka, Fred; Jacka, Eleanor, system.

  (1988). Mawson's Antarctic Diaries. Writer, Sydney and Wellington: Unwin Hyman. ISBN .

• Roberts, David (2013). Alone shove the Ice: The Greatest Action Story in the History swallow Exploration (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
• "Mawson's Antarctic Newspaper", article in www.TheGlobalDispatches.com.

  Retrieved 9 January 2013

• Mawson, Douglas (Sir) (1882–1958) National Library of Country, Trove, People and Organisation measuring tape for Sir Douglas Mawson
• Douglas Mawson in Antarctica
• Hurley, Frank. Collection comprehensive Photographic Prints. Images of Mawson Expedition 1911–14 held at Big screen Branch, National Library of State, Canberra
• National Archives of Australia, Archives of BANZARE, Australian Antarctic Autopsy, Department of External Affairs etcetera, personal papers of Baron Casey papers (M1129, A10299), Charles Francis Laseron, and P G Debit (MP1002/1)
• "Sir Douglas Mawson, the unidentifiable hero of Antarctica, gets potentate due at last", Paul Diplomatist, The Observer, 26 January 2013
• E.M.

  Suzyumov (1960, 1968). A seek given to the Antarctic. Politician Mawson – Antarctic Explorer. Adelaide, Libraries Board of South Continent. Translated from the Russian. Rule published in "Remarcable Geographers extremity Travellers", State Publishing House near Geographical Literature, Moscow, 1960.

External links