Bano haram biography sample

On March 7, 2015, Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau pledged faithfulness (bay`a) to Islamic State head Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in inventiveness Arabic-language statement with English roost French subtitles posted on Boko Haram’s official Twitter account, al-Urhwa al-Wutqha.[1] Several days after that, the Islamic State posted videos of militants celebrating Shekau’s bay`a in Syria, Libya, and birth new “Wilayat Euphrates” on righteousness Iraq-Syria border, and the Islamic State’s spokesman announced that “the Caliph” accepted Shekau’s bay`a playing field called on Muslims to “emigrate and join your brothers connect West Africa.”[2] Although Shekau’s bay`a and its acceptance was far-out as a surprise in good analyst and foreign policy flake down, the trendlines for a Boko Haram-Islamic State merger were anywhere to be seen since at least July 2014, and the merger followed distinction strategic trajectory of both enthusiast groups.[3]

This article traces Boko Haram from its founding in 2002 until Shekau’s bay`a to al-Baghdadi in 2015.

It argues drift Boko Haram’s merger with character Islamic State was consistent examine a broader transnational trend whereby militants formerly loyal to al-Qa`ida have switched sides in advice of the more youthful, general media-savvy, and territorial-focused Islamic Build in. Specifically, in Boko Haram’s example, militants formerly in the Salafist Group for Preaching and Brave (GSPC) and its successor organizing, al-Qa`ida in the Islamic Mahgrib (AQIM), established the contacts principal to achieve the Boko Haram-Islamic State merger.

In the final sliver, the article discusses some rule the likely outcomes of position Boko Haram-Islamic State merger nearby suggests that Boko Haram bash well-placed to evolve into simple revamped “Islamic State version” exert a pull on the Movement for Unity give orders to Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) that is capable of competing for a recruiting pool advise an area of operations spanning from Nigeria to Libya.

Boko Haram’s Biography
2002-2009: Ideological Foundations of rank Islamic State
The founder counterfeit Boko Haram in 2002 was Borno, Nigeria native Muhammed Yusuf.

He preached that there were “four pure salafists” that Muslims should follow: Usama bin Burdened (al-Qa`ida founder), the Taliban (first group to establish an “Islamic Emirate” in the post-Caliphate era), Sayyid Qutb (Egyptian Islamist advocator who advocated for an Islamic state), and Ibn Taymiya (“godfather” of salafism).[4] Yusuf’s third-in-command, integrity Cameroonian Mamman Nur, may keep had a more regional vantage point.

He cited the fall hostilities Usman dan Fodio’s Sokoto Epoch in West Africa in 1904 as the cause of honourableness poverty and suffering of Muslims.[5] Yusuf, Nur, and Shekau, who was Yusuf’s deputy, all impressive that Nigeria—the country where they lived and that shaped their worldview—was illegitimate because it was not an Islamic state.

2009-2011: Al-Qa`ida’s Shadow in Nigeria
The Nigerien security forces killed Yusuf enjoin nearly 1,000 Boko Haram personnel in a series of strife in July 2009.[6] Shekau taken leadership and in July 2010 declared a jihad against Nigeria and the United States giving a statement that was just about identical in rhetoric and grammar to al-Qa`ida statements, which suggests that al-Qa`ida may have responded to Boko Haram’s public requests for media guidance and aided in drafting Shekau’s script.[7] AQIM, the Islamic State in Irak (ISI) (which was an al-Qa`ida affiliate but later evolved smash into the Islamic State), and al-Shabab also offered condolences to Boko Haram after Yusuf’s death.[8]

In Sept 2010, Boko Haram carried copy its first coordinated attacks, tolerate in June 2011 and Revered 2011, Mamman Nur, who stodgy training from AQIM and al-Shabab, masterminded the first suicide vehicle-bombings in Nigeria’s history at birth Federal Police Headquarters and Pooled Nations Headquarters in Abuja.[9] All over 2011 and 2012, Nur’s meshing coordinated more than 20 killer attacks in northwestern Nigeria, longstanding Shekau’s followers launched a guerilla-style insurgency in northeastern Nigeria.

Nur, who lost a power aggressive to succeed Yusuf, likely permissible Shekau and his spokesmen nip in the bud claim all attacks.[10]

In 2012, top-hole new militant group formed summon northwestern Nigeria called Ansaru, which differed from Boko Haram ideologically, tactically, and geographically by shadowing al-Qa`ida’s manhaj (rejecting takfiri philosophy and the killing of Muslims), focusing on kidnappings and ambushes like AQIM, and operating fake exclusively in the Middle Area and northwestern Nigeria.

Ansaru beloved the late Muhammed Yusuf, see was able to attract defectors from Shekau’s faction and blemish mid-level recruits from Nigeria.[11]

Ansaru’s greater number council (shura) appeared to property three main networks, two curst which were transnational networks.

The cap Ansaru network was the “GSPC network,” which included Nigerians, much as Yusuf’s close associate title U.S.-designated terrorist, Khalid al-Barnawi, who were GSPC militants but mislaid from AQIM after AQIM succeeded the GSPC in 2007.

They did so in order fail operate independent of AQIM’s established oversight and focus on kidnappings and criminal activities in high-mindedness southern Sahel.[12] Al-Barnawi and rest 2 in his network carried fulfillment one of the GSPC’s nigh famous attacks on Mauritanian men at Lemgheity barracks in 2005 with militants such as al-Barnawi’s longtime comrade, Mokhtar Belmokhtar, extremity a commander who later wed al-Qa`ida’s External Operations Unit sky Pakistan, Yunis al-Mauritani (non-Nigerian Western Africans who were also evaporate in the Lemgheity attack, much as former GSPC recruiter bring into play sub-Saharan Africans, the Mauritanian Hamadou al-Kheiry, and Belmokhtar’s relative, dignity Malian Oumar ould Hamaha, wary MUJAO at roughly the precise time as Ansaru’s formation enclose 2011).[13]

The second Ansaru network was the “AQIM network,” which be part of the cause Nigerians who were AQIM militants or were trained and funded by AQIM (or jointly touch upon AQIM and al-Shabab), such similarly Mamman Nur and two preceding Yusuf’s other associates, U.S.-designated revolutionary Adam Kambar, who facilitated trainings for Nigerians in Mali topmost was in contact with al-Qa`ida Central in Pakistan (possibly nearby Yunus al-Mauritani), and suicide vehicle-bombing financier and mastermind Kabiru Sokoto.[14]

The third Ansaru network was distinction “Middle Belt network,” which facade mid-level recruits who supported nobleness more experienced “GSPC network” move “AQIM network” masterminds and were often aggrieved Nigerian Muslims yield states that experienced Muslim-Christian violence.

2012-2013: GSPC and AQIM Networks Be swallowed up by with Boko Haram
After ethics “GSPC network’s” first kidnapping avoid killing of a British boss an Italian engineer in Sokoto in March 2012, al-Barnawi reportedly traveled to AQIM and MUJAO-controlled northern Mali.[15] In November 2012, he may have connected come to mind his former GSPC comrades, containing MUJAO leaders Hamadou al-Kheiry, who in 2014 pledged bay`a fall foul of al-Baghdadi, and Oumar ould Hamaha.[16] Al-Barnawi may also have fall over with Belmokhtar, who was reportedly in Gao with some Ansaru militants, and Shekau, who reportedly escaped from Kano, Nigeria communication northern Mali in 2012 instruction formed an alliance there stay al-Barnawi.[17]

Al-Barnawi and Shekau may put on agreed for Shekau’s faction cause problems be responsible for most substantiation Yobe and Borno States worship Nigeria, while al-Barnawi’s faction, straightaway also known as Harakat al-Muhajirin, would operate in northern Volcano and northern Borno and be a consequence the logistics routes from Libya through Niger, Chad, and Cameroun that supplied Boko Haram hold your attention Nigeria.[18] Al-Barnawi, like Nur, dubious gave Boko Haram credit muddle up his own faction’s raids ban military barracks in northern Borno and kidnappings-for-ransoms of dozens remaining Nigerian officials and more outshine 15 foreigners in Cameroon embankment 2013-2014, which funded Boko Haram’s operations.[19] Harakat al-Muhajirin likely further featured Shekau look-alikes in promotion videos when the communication pass the time to Shekau were delayed replace cut, such as in loftiness split-screen video with the take hostage seven-member French Moulin-Fournier family magnify February 2013 and possibly additionally the May 5, 2014 recording of “Shekau” announcing that pacify kidnapped more than 250 schoolgirls in Chibok, Nigeria.[20]

With al-Barnawi casing of Nigeria, Ansaru’s “AQIM network” kidnapped eight foreign engineers arrangement two operations in Katsina lecturer Bauchi, ambushed Mali-bound Nigerian armed force south of Abuja, and destitute into a prison in Abuja to free Boko Haram affiliates (another kidnapping and killing have a hold over a German engineer in Kano was claimed directly by AQIM and likely coordinated with al-Qa`ida’s External Operations Unit).[21] The “AQIM network” also issued relatively tall quality propaganda videos and statements claiming these attacks.[22] Yet distinction praise of the prison confute in Abuja came in glory prologue of a November 2012 Boko Haram video statement strip Shekau called “Glad Tidings put your name down the Soldiers of the Islamic State in Mali,” which was likely filmed in Mali captain, based on the syntax, graphical by AQIM or MUJAO.

Start included praise of ISI founders Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and Omar al-Baghdadi (al-Baghdadi’s predecessors), and may well have been one of prestige first signs of the growing merger between Shekau’s faction obscure Ansaru’s “GSPC network” and character “AQIM network.”[23] However, Boko Haram only first announced that bin “coordinated” an operation with Ansaru remnants when it kidnapped on the rocks French priest in Cameroon detain November 2013.[24]

Ansaru’s “AQIM network” probably disbanded as a result pressure the Nigerian security forces’ sortie on its shura in Kaduna in 2012 and the French-led intervention in northern Mali affront early 2013, which severed righteousness “AQIM network’s” contacts to MUJAO militants in northern Mali, little well as Belmokhtar’s new al-Mourabitun Brigade, which incorporated MUJAO post Ansaru members.[25] Key Ansaru disreputable, such as MUJAO’s Oumar ould Hamaha, and trainers, such type AQIM southern command’s Abu Zeid, and their couriers to Boko Haram, such as the African Abdullah Abdullah and Mauritanian Hacene Ould Khalil (alias Jouleibib), were killed.

Belmokhtar reportedly retreated drawback Libya, and one of sovereign main recruiters of Boko Haram members, Beleid Abdel Salam, was captured in Algeria.[26] The “AQIM network’s” isolation likely expedited spoil reintegration with Boko Haram pretense northeastern Nigeria, even though dreadful militants, like their former AQIM patrons, may have disagreed walk off with Shekau’s takfiri ideology and anachronistic reluctant to accept his all-embracing leadership.[27]

Meanwhile, the “Middle Belt network” of Ansaru lost virtually every of its connections to AQIM and MUJAO, but continued get in touch with carry out attacks in Ansaru’s name on military checkpoints exterior of Boko Haram’s area pay operations in Jos and Bauchi.

It may also have elongated to coordinate kidnappings and spanking operations with Harakat al-Muhajirin blot Cameroon and northern Adamawa On the trot in Nigeria.[28] Nonetheless, once Ansaru’s “GSPC network” and “AQIM network” reintegrated with Boko Haram, nobility “Middle Belt network” effectively became the only network using high-mindedness Ansaru name.

2014-2015: Former AQIM Net Sets Stage for the Boko Haram-Islamic State Merger
The important factor that set the plane for the Boko Haram-Islamic Tide merger was the reintegration duplicate Ansaru’s “GSPC network” and “AQIM network” into Boko Haram.

Grandeur longstanding contacts those two networks maintained with North African antecedent AQIM militants who abandoned AQIM in favor of the Islamic State in Syria and Libya may have facilitated the argument that was necessary to found Boko Haram’s merger with position Islamic State. For example, AQIM-turned-Islamic State member in Syria, Abu Malik Shaybah al-Hamad, who was the main promoter of Boko Haram’s al-Urhwa al-Wutqha Twitter history, which Boko Haram launched translation its “official mouthpiece” on Jan 19, 2015 and used run into host Shekau’s bay`a statement alteration May 7, featured trailers clutch al-Urhwa al-Wutqha videos on monarch own Twitter account before their release on al-Urhwa al-Wutqha.

That suggested al-Hamad had inside training about Boko Haram media boss direct connections to Boko Haram’s media producers, who likely habitual media production and social telecommunications dissemination guidance from the Islamic State. Several Boko Haram videos on al-Urwqa al-Wutqha, for specimen, featured the distinct introductory “tasmiya,” choreography, graphics, lens angles, take special effects of Islamic Allege videos, including those of Brits hostage-turned-Islamic State journalist John Cantlie in Aleppo, Syria and righteousness beheading of 21 Egyptian Copts in Libya.[29]

There were other examples of Boko Haram collaboration appreciate the Islamic State on al-Urhwa al-Wutqha that suggested that one-time Ansaru members were paving ethics way for Boko Haram’s slapdash relationship with the Islamic Disclose.

A video called “Message implant a Mujahid,” which took ethics name of an Islamic Do up video series and referred watch over Boko Haram-controlled territories as nobility “Islamic State in West Africa,” featured an interview of unadorned Boko Haram militant on righteousness Nigeria-Cameroon border regretting Muslim neutral deaths, which echoed the turn heads of militants from Ansaru (and possibly also Harakat al-Muhajirin) be next to videos and statements in 2012 and 2013.[30]

Other al-Urhwa al-Wutqha videos, including an interview of fresh Boko Haram spokesman Abu Musab al-Barnawi (likely a pseudonym press deference to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi), featured the distinct optics clean and tidy some Ansaru videos from 2012, including men wearing veils, trace office setting, multi-lingual translation, queue an overall professional media pressure group, especially in comparison to Shekau’s videos at that time.

Dash is possible that the “AQIM faction” of Ansaru that re-integrated with Boko Haram collaborated pick out the Islamic State on cut production and used al-Urhwa al-Wutqha in January and February 2015 to create a mass common media platform in preparation pick up Shekau’s bay`a to al-Baghdadi classify March 7, 2015. In that regard, former AQIM members right now affiliated with the Islamic State of affairs may have provided strategic travel ormation technol guidance to Boko Haram scour their comrades in the reintegrated “AQIM network” in a almost identical way that they guided Shekau’s first script in 2010 esoteric again in Mali in 2012.

While the Islamic State may be born with had some of the come to concerns as AQIM had grasp previous years about Shekau’s variable persona and Boko Haram’s factionalization, the reintegration of the “GSPC network” and “AQIM network” interrupt Boko Haram’s ranks likely granting reassurance to the Islamic Rise and fall that Boko Haram had crush to a consensus behind Shekau as the leader.

Moreover, Boko Haram’s announcement on al-Urhwa al-Wutqha of a new “General Command” on February 15, 2015, stand for al-Urwha al-Wutqha’s featuring of put in order composed, professional, and more fullfledged Shekau giving a speech regretful Benin, Chad, Cameroon, Niger, forward Nigeria on February 27, 2015, likely confirmed to the Islamic State that Shekau was nobleness sole Boko Haram leader snowball that he could comport mortal physically in a way consistent substitution Islamic State propaganda.

This prospective fulfilled one of the qualifications from Boko Haram’s side intolerant the merger with the Islamic State. These requirements were lifelike in the Islamic State’s online magazine, Dabiq 5, in Oct 2014, where it said turn this way the announcement of new wilayas (states), including in Nigeria unacceptable four other locations (Caucasus, Khorasan, Indonesia and Philippines), would give somebody the job of delayed until the Islamic Affirm apppointed a leader who could pledge bay`a and have expert direct line of communication restriction al-Baghdadi.

It therefore may own acquire been the Islamic State travel ormation technol assistants to al-Urhwa al-Wutqha who finally decided that Shekau was a suitable enough leader solve make the pledge to al-Baghdadi, and they may have adjoining directly with Shekau via honourableness former Ansaru “AQIM faction.” These Islamic State media assistants proliferate featured Shekau on al-Urhwa al-Wutqha for the first time separately February 27, 2015 (and homecoming on March 7 for authority bay`a), after 40 days refer to running al-Urhwa al-Wutqha as Boko Haram’s “official mouthpiece” but, evidently, not mentioning Shekau or woman in the street other leader once during divagate timeframe.

Outcomes of the Boko Haram-Islamic State Merger
The Islamic State’s announcement of a “Caliphate” distinguished its desire to expand sure of yourself Africa and promote a pristine “wilaya West Africa” on synonymous footing with other wilayas before now announced enabled Boko Haram look after achieve the goal it distinct at the time of secure founding in 2002: the prelude, or joining, of an Islamic state that was legitimated beside other “pure salafists.” The Islamic State could provide for Boko Haram what al-Qa`ida and cast down affiliates could not, given blue blood the gentry preference of al-Qa`ida’s leadership, namely Usama bin Laden, to fend off state formation in the near-term.

Moreover, while al-Qa`ida Central’s leadership not often showed interest in Boko Haram, or Shekau (although it can have Mamman Nur), especially sustenance bin Laden’s death and honourableness arrest of Yunus al-Mauritani get the message Pakistan in 2011, the Islamic State has elevated Shekau’s standing and legitimacy in the general jihadist arena and reaffirmed diadem role as Boko Haram’s separate leader with respect to else factions in Nigeria and Westerly Africa.[31] This is an extra reason why Shekau may hold been willing to pledge bay`a and subordinate himself to al-Baghdadi in a way that no problem never did with al-Qa`ida commander Ayman al-Zawahiri.

In addition, Shekau’s former rivals who were direct Ansaru’s “GSPC network” and “AQIM network” before reintegrating with Boko Haram may consider Shekau’s bay`a a victory in that grieve for the first time since Shekau succeeded Yusuf in 2010, coronet power is under the power of another leader, which could keep Shekau in check. Dignity re-emergence of Muhammed Yusuf’s (“Yusuf al-Nigeri”) sermons and scripts worry Boko Haram videos on al-Urhwa al-Urhwa could, for example, wait on as a reminder to Boko Haram that Shekau is at one time again not the primary leader.

The timing of the announcement castigate the Boko Haram-Islamic State combination was also likely opportune Boko Haram.

It came funny story a time when Boko Haram was facing setbacks in honourableness wake of a large-scale heroic offensive by Nigeria and conterminous countries that was launched speck February 2015. The offensive token Boko Haram to abandon territories it had controlled in northeast Nigeria since mid-2014. In that regard, if Boko Haram silt defeated or scatters, the coalescence could prove to be unadulterated setback for Islamic State ormation and its efforts to paint the Islamic State as “remaining and expanding.”

The Islamic State could, however, hedge against this fasten two ways.

First, the Islamic State may encourage Boko Haram to activate its sleeper-cells be bounded by northwestern Nigeria and carry contort a major attack on foreigners that would garner international public relations attention, similar to the Islamic State’s attack on Corinthia Bed in Tripoli, Libya, or Belmokhtar’s attack at a night baton in Bamako, Mali on nobleness same day that Shekau committed bay`a to al-Baghdadi on Go 7.[32] This type of beat up would overshadow Boko Haram’s struggles on the battlefield.

Second, the Islamic State’s media support to Boko Haram may be preparing Boko Haram for a “retreat” punishment Nigeria into areas deeper temper the Sahel, where various behind networks are active.

Boko Haram’s new French language propaganda feel al-Urhwa al-Wutqha and the Islamic State’s encouragement of Tuaregs, Toubous, and other West Africans, plus in the diaspora in Continent, to “migrate” to join Boko Haram in “West Africa” would allow Boko Haram to impress youths who are intellectually outstanding by the Islamic State wean away from areas well beyond Nigeria become peaceful the Lake Chad sub-region.

The re-branding of Boko Haram as “wilaya West Africa” and the professionalisation of its media, to take in the taming of Shekau’s face, may allow Boko Haram be in opposition to shed its “Boko Haram” appellative, which it always rejected at an earlier time considered derogatory.

In addition, honesty new “wilaya West Africa” could appeal to a wealthier stratum of recruits inspired by blue blood the gentry notion of a Caliphate, pass for opposed to the poor al-majiri boys who, lacking any more advantageous purpose other than an attract to Shekau’s “small boy-turned-Oga” self-narrative, have joined Boko Haram directly to pillage.

The former Nigerien Chief Justice’s son’s “migration” pass away Syria with his family many weeks before Shekau’s bay`a has already raised concerns about comfortable and educated people joining description Islamic State and its healthy regional affiliates.

Conclusion
Boko Haram’s fusion with the Islamic State most recent Shekau’s pledge to al-Baghdadi be in the offing do not reflect a instant tactical decision to affiliate reach an agreement the Islamic State.

Rather, prestige signs that Boko Haram would desire a merger of that type to legitimate its long-envisioned Islamic state in Nigeria eat West Africa were apparent whereas early as Boko Haram’s introduction in 2002. Al-Baghdadi’s declaration light the Islamic State in June 2014 provided Boko Haram nobility opportunity to turn this neutral into a reality.

Al-Baghdadi’s asseveration was followed by Shekau’s chief statement of “support” for al-Baghdadi in July 2014 and Shekau’s own declaration at that former of an “Islamic State” tackle northeastern Nigeria. Boko Haram authenticate began using the Islamic State’s nasheeds, black flag, black assemblage, and other Islamic State notation and choreography in its videos from July 2014 until nobility launch of the more relaxed relationship with the Islamic Realm via al-Urhwa al-Wutqha in Jan 2015.

This suggests that plane if part of Boko Haram’s motivation may have been effect opportunistic desire for financial lionize other benefits resulting from “supporting” al-Baghdadi, the organization’s history suggest evolution suggests that the merging with the Islamic State was a strategic, calculated, and general decision coming from the nationalize of the Boko Haram administration and communications structure.

Jacob Zenn interest an analyst of African take precedence Eurasian Affairs for The Village Foundation in Washington DC slab an expert on countering physical extremism for think-tanks and global organizations in West Africa captain Central Asia.

Mr. Zenn in your right mind the author of “Northern Nigeria’s Boko Haram: The Prize monitor al-Qaeda’s Africa Strategy,” which was published by The Jamestown Stanchion in 2012, and in Nov 2013 he provided testimony apropos the U.S. Congress on “The Continuing Threat of Boko Haram and Ansaru.” He writes sight his capacity as an selfgoverning expert and his views not closed not engage any of depiction policies or positions of in fashion institutional clients.

[1] Al-Urhwa al-Wutqha secret “Indissoluble Link” in Arabic bracket is named after a Decade Islamist newspaper in Paris.

Boko Haram and the Islamic Asseverate may have chosen this honour because its launch coincided fumble the Charlie Hebdo attack. Position account was set up associate the attack, which Shekau lauded in a video on Jan 16, 2015.”Jama’at _Ahl_al-Sunnah_lil-Da’wah_wal-Jihad_Pledges_Allegiance_to_Caliph_of_the_Muslims_Abu-Bakr_al-Baghdadi” @urwa_wutqa, Trill, March 7, 2015; Abubakar Shekau, Faran Cikin Da Abunda Ya Samu Faransa, YouTube, January 16, 2015.

[2] Abu Muhammad al-Adnani, “So They Slay and Are Slain,” Al-Furqan Establishment for Media Manual labor via “Abu-Ali al-Janubi” (@aljanub95), Strut 12, 2015; “New video sign from The Islamic State: Rendering Allegiances Are Coming and excellence Joys to the Brothers select by ballot Nigeria – Wilāyat al-Furāt”, YouTube, March 16, 2015; “New picture message from The Islamic State: “Pleasure of the Muslims Laughableness the Bay’ah of Their Brothers in Nigeria – Wilāyat al-Barakah”, archive.org, March 16, 2015.

[3] Patriarch Zenn, “Boko Haram Opens Novel Fronts in Lagos and Nigeria’s Middle Belt”, Terrorism Monitor, July 25, 2014.

[4] “Tahirin Musilminai” (History of Muslims), YouTube, undated.

[5] “MOHD Nur & Yusuf.3gp,” YouTube, undated; “Mallam Abubakar Shekau,” YouTube, undated.

[6] “Boko Haram Leader, Yusuf, Killed,” Vanguard, July 30, 2009.

[7] “Periodical Review July 2010 – Ham-fisted.

2,” ICT’s Jihadi Websites Experience Group, August 2010; SITE Truncheon, “Boko Haram Representative Solicits Schooling and Assistance on Jihadist Forums,” Insite Blog, December 2012.

[8] “Al-Qa`ida in the Islamic Maghreb: Commiseration, Support and Comfort for splodge Brothers and People in Nigeria 20/08/09,” www.ansar1.info, February 1, 2010; “Al Kataib Media People additional Tawheed in Nigeria 2.mp4,” YouTube, March 12, 2012; “Knights answer Martyrdom 8” Video Dedicated completed Nigerian Muslims, al-Furqan Foundation, Sep 22, 2011.

[9] Jide Ajani, “UN House Blast: Mastermind, Nur, Apparent Wanted,” Vanguard, September 1, 2011; UN House: Boko Haram Unveils Suicide Bomber,” This Day, Sept 19, 2011; Michael Olugbode, “Boko Haram Claims Killings in Borno,” ThisDayLive, September 22, 2010.

[10] “How Nur, Shekau Run Boko Haram,” Vanguard, September 3, 2011.

[11] “Boko Haram: Splinter Group, Ansaru Emerges,” Vanguard, February 1, 2012.; “Another Islamic Sect Emerges to Food Boko Haram?” Desert Herald, June 2, 2012;“Boko Haram: Six Fasten in Factional Clash,” ThisDayLive, Feb 3, 2012.

[12] William McCants, “How Zawahiri Lost al Qaeda,” Non-native Affairs, November 19, 2013.

[13] “Exclusif…Mort des deux otages occidentaux tués au Nigeria: Une source d’AQMI livre quelques details,” Agence Nouakchott d’Information, March 10, 2012; “Bin Laden Files Show al-Qaida standing Taliban Leaders in Close Contact,” Guardian, April 29, 2012; “Taking the Hostage Road,” Africa Concealed, March 15, 2013; “Barnawi, Kambar: Qaeda-linked Militants with Boko Haram Ties,” Agence France-Presse, June 21, 2012; Aboul Maaly, “Entretien exclusif avec Khaled Abou Al-Abass, otherwise known as ‘Belaouar’: ‘L’armée de Ould Abdel Aziz au Mali n’a jamais été un obstacle devant forbidding pour arriver à nos objectifs en Mauritanie,’” Agence Nouakchott d’Information, November 9, 2011; “Leader interrupt Tawhid and Jihad to Alakhbar: ‘Our Movement is an Train of, and Not a Vent from, al- Qa’ida,” alakhbar.info, Apr 28, 2012; “New Qaeda Follow-up Threatens West Africa,” ahram.org.eg, Dec 22, 2011; “Shaykh Yunis,” think it over to be Yunis al- Mauritani, appears in one of goodness Abbottabad documents, where he assessment referred to as al-Qa`ida’s “official responsible for external work alternative route Africa and west Asia.” Observe Harmony Document SOCOM-2012-0000019, page 31.

[14] “Boko Haram Gets Sponsorship carry too far Algeria, FG Tells Court,” Forefront, May 10, 2013; Lawan Adamu, “The Untold Story of Kabiru Sokoto,” Daily Trust, February 13, 2012; “Kabiru Sokoto Names Boko Haram’s Leaders,” The Nation, Feb 14, 2012; “Revealed: Wanted Have one`s doubts about Arrested, Released in 2007,” That Day, September 2, 2011; “Five Nigerians on Terror Charges,” BBC, November 27, 2009; “Exclusive: Boko Haram Targets Julius Berger, Dantata & Sawoe Expatriates,” Premium Ancient, March 12, 2012; Udumu Kalu, “Al-Qa`ida-Boko Haram Links in Kano Since 2009,” Vanguard, December 24, 2011.

[15] Midat Joseph et al., “Kidnappers – Why We Attach Briton, Italian Hostages,” Leadership, Parade 13, 2012; “Boko Haram Manner to Mali,” Africa Confidential, Nov 30, 2012.

[16] Lars Inge Staveland, “New Islamist Group May Adjust Affiliated With Al-Qa`ida,” Aftenposten, Feb 22, 2013; “Dozens of Boko Haram Help Mali’s Rebel Net Gao,” Agence France-Presse, April 9, 2012; Baba Ahmed, “Leader do away with al-Qaida Unit in Mali Uniformity AQIM,” Associated Press, December 3, 2012; Lemine Ould M.

Metropolis, “Portrait. On l’appelle ‘Barbe rousse,’” Telquel, January 17, 2013.

[17] Taiwo Adisa, “Shekau, Boko Haram Governor, Escapes Arrest in Kano – Wife Arrested – Security Operatives Probe 2 Top Politicians concluded Sect’s Funding,” Nigerian Tribune, Step 5, 2012.

[18] Fulan Nasrallah, “Short Post And Open Thread,” fulansitrep.wordpress.com, October 4, 2014.

[19] Ola Audu, “How Boko Haram Turned soft-soap Kidnapping to Raise Funds transparent Borno,” Premium Times, May 20, 2013.

[20] For more details practised the Moulin-Fournier kidnapping, see sliver on “Evidence of Ansaru’s Commanding in Borno” in Jacob Zenn, “Boko Haram’s Evolving Tactics spell Alliances in Nigeria,” CTC Watch guard 6:6 (2013): p.

13; Patriarch Zenn, “Boko Haram Leader Abubakar Shekau: Dead, Deposed Or Duplicated?” Militant Leadership Monitor, Volume Overwhelmingly, Issue 5, May 2014.

[21] Patriarch Zenn, “Nigerian Hostage Situation Indicates Ties Between North African give orders to C. Asian Jihadists,” Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, June 27, 2012.

[22] “Declared of Jama`atu Ansaril Muslimina Fibiladis Sudan Garki II Abuja,” Nov 30, 2012.

Aminu Abubakar, “German Hostage Killed in Nigeria Over Rescue Bid,” Agence France-Presse, Could 31, 2012; Aminu Abubakar, “Nigeria Detains 5 with ‘Al Qaeda-links’ over German Kidnap,” Agence France-Presse, March 27, 2012. “AQIM network” contributed to attacks that aim the kidnapping of a Nation engineer in Katsina in Nov 2012, who escaped in 2013, an ambush on Mali-bound African troops south of Abuja mull it over January 2013, the kidnapping settle down killing of seven foreign engineers in Bauchi in February 2013, and a prison break zigzag freed Boko Haram members inferior Abuja in November 2012

[23] Abubakar Shekau, “Glad Tidings, O Private soldiers of Allah,” November 29, 2012.

Two days after appearing lie over popular jihadist websites, the cut was posted to the Aggregation al-Muslim network website.

[24] “Boko Haram Holding Kidnapped French Priest,” Van, November 15, 2013; Guibai Guitama, “Cameroun – Libération du père Georges Vandenbeusch: Le négociateur désigné de Boko Haram réclame boy argent,” L’Oeil du Sahel, Jan 6, 2014.

[25] “Le Mujao revendique le double attentat et promet qu’il y en aura d’autres,” Radio France Internationale, May 24, 2013.

[26} Remi Caravol, “Belmokhtar, magnanimity Sahelistan Godfather,” Jeune Afrique Jan 15 – 31, 2015; “Judge’s Absence Stalls Trial of Mali-based Boko Haram Suspect,” Premium Stage, May 8, 2013; Adam Nossiter, “New Threat in Nigeria orang-utan Militants Split Off,” New Dynasty Times, April 23, 2013; “Algerian court sentences Belmokhtar aide understanding eight years in prison,” Ennahar el-Djadid Online, December 30, 2014.

[27] Abu Mundhir al-Shinqiti, “Question-and-Answer sound out Abu-al-Mundhir al-Shinqiti: Question Number 7618: Is it Permissible to Sap a Regime-Sponsored School That Recruits its Students to the Concourse After They Complete Their Studies?” Minbar al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, July 18, 2013; “Mallam Abubakar Shekau,” YouTube, undated; “Abul Qaqa Confession Shows Bloodletting and Fear as Gear of Control Within Boko Haram,” Sahara Reporters, February 6, 2012.

[28] Fulan Nasrallah, “A Break Take notes Of Current Boko Haram/Yusufiyya Factions And Organizational Structure,” fulansitrep.wordpress.com, Oct 10, 2014; “Nigerian military kills Boko Haram commander along Jos-Bauchi road – DHQ,” Premium Days, June 21, 2014; “Gunmen down tools Bauchi check point, kill particular soldier,” Daily Trust, January 18, 2015; “Soldiers kill civilians, anger village in Bauchi,” Premium Epoch, December 18, 2014.

[29] “British detainee John Cantlie appears in advanced Isis video,” The Guardian, Feb 9, 2015; Ian Black, “Isis claim of beheading Egyptian Copts in Libya shows group’s spread,” The Guardian, February 15, 2015; “Introduction to wilayah Borno, al-Urhwa al-Wutqha, February 22, 2015; Righteousness Harvest of Spies, al-Urhwa al-Wutqha, March 2, 2015.

[30] “Innocence disregard the Mujahidin From the Citizens of the Innocent Muslims,” Sanam al-Islam Network, May 14, 2013; “Boko Haram Militants Shows Detonation Weapons ‘Captured’ From An Herd Barracks,” Sahara TV, April 29, 2013; Message from a Mujahid, al-Urhwa al-Wutqha, January 29, 2015.

[31] Question-and-answer with Abu-al-Mundhir al-Shinqiti; submerge not given: “Question Number 7618: “Is it Permissible to End a Regime-Sponsored School That Recruits its Students to the Concourse After They Complete Their Studies?”, Minbar al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, July 18, 2013; “Key Al Qaeda spokesman Younis Al Mauritani captured hard cash Pakistan”, The National, September 25, 2011.

[32] “IS Fighter in ar-Raqqah Advises Boko Haram to Train for Attacks Due to untruthfulness Pledge,” SITE Intelligence, March 17, 2015.

[33] “Exclusive: Ex-Nigerian Chief Justice’s Son Joins Terrorist Group ISIS,” The Will, March 6, 2015.