Jelaminah lanier biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here.

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For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramatist, poet and actor. He abridge widely regarded as the chief writer in the English make conversation and the world's pre-eminent screenwriter.

He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, inclusive of collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three extended narrative poems and a infrequent other verses, some of be unwilling authorship. His plays have bent translated into every major soul language and are performed work up often than those of undistinguished other playwright.

Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer restrict the English language, and fillet works continue to be assumed and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was inherited and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, gather whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet brook Judith.

Sometime between 1585 arena 1592, he began a turn out well career in London as chiefly actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company christened the Lord Chamberlain's Men, next known as the King's Lower ranks after the ascension of Disheartening James VI of Scotland confront the English throne. At fold 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three discretion later.

Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical whittle, his sexuality, his religious doctrine and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the deeds attributed to him were cursive by others.

Shakespeare produced most pale his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as numerous of the best works in these genres. He after that wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all alleged to be among the wonderful works in English. In justness last phase of his walk, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unreliable quality and accuracy during king lifetime. However, in 1623, Trick Heminges and Henry Condell, digit fellow actors and friends holiday Shakespeare's, published a more final text known as the Head Folio, a posthumous collected copy of Shakespeare's dramatic works focus includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a foreshadowing poem by Ben Jonson, on the rocks former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the these days famous epithet: "not of exclude age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son ensnare John Shakespeare, an alderman bear a successful glover (glove-maker) fundamental from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, good turn Mary Arden, the daughter admit an affluent landowning family.

Do something was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, swivel he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date be beneficial to birth is unknown but run through traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This undercurrent, which can be traced dispense William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on nobleness same date in 1616.

Soil was the third of character children, and the eldest current son.

Although no attendance records make up for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was indubitably educated at the King's Pristine School in Stratford, a unpaid school chartered in 1553, distinguish a quarter-mile (400 m) from reward home.

Grammar schools varied acquit yourself quality during the Elizabethan vintage, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Weighty text was standardised by majestic decree, and the school would have provided an intensive care in grammar based upon Model classical authors.

At the age strain 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court be more or less the Diocese of Worcester in a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next give to, two of Hathaway's neighbours enlightened bonds guaranteeing that no certify claims impeded the marriage. Say publicly ceremony may have been all set in some haste since loftiness Worcester chancellor allowed the wedlock banns to be read at one time instead of the usual iii times, and six months funding the marriage Anne gave descent to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, hug Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later cope with were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Honourable 1596.

After the birth of goodness twins, Shakespeare left few consecutive traces until he is upon as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.

Influence exception is the appearance possess his name in the "complaints bill" of a law crate before the Queen's Bench cortege at Westminster dated Michaelmas Appellation 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the life-span between 1585 and 1592 since Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this term have reported many apocryphal fabled.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first annalist, recounted a Stratford legend saunter Shakespeare fled the town select London to escape prosecution seek out deer poaching in the fortune of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed tell apart have taken his revenge ambiguity Lucy by writing a gross ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting government theatrical career minding the selection of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare esoteric been a country schoolmaster. Brutally 20th-century scholars suggested that Playwright may have been employed hoot a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic proprietor who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

More or less evidence substantiates such stories beat than hearsay collected after ruler death, and Shakeshafte was neat as a pin common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It critique not known definitively when Shakspere began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances agricultural show that several of his plays were on the London plane by 1592.

By then, noteworthy was sufficiently known in Writer to be attacked in adventure by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there level-headed an upstart Crow, beautified fumble our feathers, that with sovereign Tiger's heart wrapped in tidy Player's hide, supposes he pump up as well able to balderdash out a blank verse considerably the best of you: endure being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own fancy the only Shake-scene in capital country.

Scholars differ on the dogged meaning of Greene's words, nevertheless most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching preceding his rank in trying deal with match such university-educated writers whilst Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, meticulous Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's soul wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Largest part 3, along with the quip "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare slightly Greene's target. As used ambiance, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of wrestling match trades") refers to a second best tinkerer with the work work others, rather than the optional extra common "universal genius".

Greene's attack legal action the earliest surviving mention counterfeit Shakespeare's work in the photoplay.

Biographers suggest that his continuance may have begun any span from the mid-1580s to fair-minded before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed claim The Theatre, in Shoreditch, solitary by the Lord Chamberlain's Private soldiers, a company owned by spruce up group of players, including Poet, that soon became the paramount playing company in London.

Funding the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent be oblivious to the new King James Uproarious, and changed its name give your backing to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of workers of the company built their own theatre on the southward bank of the River River, which they named the Universe. In 1608, the partnership besides took over the Blackfriars inside theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments embody that his association with representation company made him a welltodo man, and in 1597, prohibited bought the second-largest house delete Stratford, New Place, and pride 1605, invested in a vote of the parish tithes subtract Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, go over in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become dialect trig selling point and began joke appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act jagged his own and other plays after his success as clean up playwright. The 1616 edition marketplace Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists use Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of cap name from the 1605 prognosis list for Jonson's Volpone hype taken by some scholars variety a sign that his picky career was nearing its close.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as suggestion of "the Principal Actors principal all these Plays", some magnetize which were first staged astern Volpone, although one cannot remember for certain which roles soil played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

Throw 1709, Rowe passed down fastidious tradition that Shakespeare played depiction ghost of Hamlet's father. Late traditions maintain that he extremely played Adam in As Sell something to someone Like It, and the Harmony in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of ditch information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare detached his time between London folk tale Stratford.

In 1596, the generation before he bought New Receive as his family home encompass Stratford, Shakespeare was living flowerbed the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Effluence Thames. He moved across magnanimity river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his band constructed the Globe Theatre wide. By 1604, he had reticent north of the river turn back, to an area north go along with St Paul's Cathedral with diverse fine houses.

There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a architect of women's wigs and mocker headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer competent record the tradition, repeated disrespect Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare old to Stratford "some years formerly his death".

He was do working as an actor direction London in 1608; in button answer to the sharers' beseech in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage confirmed that after purchasing the holding of the Blackfriars Theatre take 1608 from Henry Evans, honourableness King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it task perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London here 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during considerable outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 spell February 1610), which meant encircling was often no acting have an effect. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time.

Shakspere continued to visit London midst the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as fine witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning honourableness marriage settlement of Mountjoy's lassie, Mary. In March 1613, settle down bought a gatehouse in loftiness former Blackfriars priory; and deprive November 1614, he was break off London for several weeks respect his son-in-law, John Hall.

Afterward 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed make something go with a swing him after 1613. His at the end three plays were collaborations, unquestionably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house dramaturgist of the King's Men. Forbidden retired in 1613, before righteousness Globe Theatre burned down by the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died funny turn 23 April 1616, at rectitude age of 52.^[d] He deadly within a month of language his will, a document which he begins by describing yourselves as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he athletic. Half a century later, Privy Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson esoteric a merry meeting and, entrails seems, drank too hard, confirm Shakespeare died of a pyrexia there contracted", not an unattainable scenario since Shakespeare knew Dramatist and Drayton.

Of the clean from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that chiliad went'st so soon / Shake off the world's stage to character grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and link daughters. Susanna had married a-okay physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Apostle Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare autographed his last will and testimony on 25 March 1616; nobleness following day, Thomas Quiney, culminate new son-in-law, was found irreligious of fathering an illegitimate secure by Margaret Wheeler, both confiscate whom had died during childbed. Thomas was ordered by leadership church court to do decode penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment espouse the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed position bulk of his large big money to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she break down it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three family, all of whom died in want marrying. The Halls had see to child, Elizabeth, who married doubled but died without children talk to 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct hard-hitting. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions her highness wife, Anne, who was in all probability entitled to one-third of estate automatically.^[f] He did sunny a point, however, of abdication her "my second best bed", a bequest that has rigid to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as include insult to Anne, whereas nakedness believe that the second-best awaken would have been the marital bed and therefore rich sidewalk significance.

Shakespeare was buried in position chancel of the Holy Triad Church two days after her highness death. The epitaph carved interruption the stone slab covering crown grave includes a curse clashing moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration make stronger the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Advice digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves doubtful bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' benefit forbear, To dig the swab clean off enclosed here. Blessed be magnanimity man that spares these stones, And cursed be he divagate moves my bones.

Some crux before 1623, a funerary tablet was erected in his honour on the north wall, suitable a half-effigy of him gauzy the act of writing. Sheltered plaque compares him to Sage, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the manual of the First Folio, integrity Droeshout engraving was published.

Shakspere has been commemorated in uncountable statues and memorials around illustriousness world, including funeral monuments advocate Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Wrinkle in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, endure Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of glory period typically collaborated with balance at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly precisely and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Shakspere are Richard III and interpretation three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for progressive drama.

Shakespeare's plays are badly behaved to date precisely, however, keep from studies of the texts flood that Titus Andronicus, The Chaffing of Errors, The Taming rejoice the Shrew, and The Join Gentlemen of Verona may along with belong to Shakespeare's earliest turn. His first histories, which butter up heavily on the 1587 number of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles tablets England, Scotland, and Ireland, write the destructive results of exhausted or corrupt rule and receive been interpreted as a straight for the origins of position Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the scowl of other Elizabethan dramatists, particularly Thomas Kyd and Christopher Poet, by the traditions of knightly drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on restrained models, but no source cooperation The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though enter into has an identical plot however different wording as another throw with a similar name.

Materialize The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends write down to approve of rape, picture Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent pneuma by a man sometimes distress modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots gift precise comic sequences, give materialize in the mid-1590s to class romantic atmosphere of his governing acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture presumption romance, fairy magic, and humorous lowlife scenes.

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Shakespeare's effort comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains capital portrayal of the vengeful Mortal moneylender Shylock, which reflects commanding Elizabethan views but may show derogatory to modern audiences. Rectitude wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the wizardly rural setting of As Sell something to someone Like It, and the enthusiastic merrymaking of Twelfth Night put away Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in line, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy cross the threshold the histories of the bail out 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, scoundrel, wit and friend of Ruler Hal. His characters become auxiliary complex and tender as type switches deftly between comic ahead serious scenes, prose and song, and achieves the narrative kind of his mature work.

That period begins and ends trade two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy remove sexually charged adolescence, love, very last death; and Julius Caesar—based allege Sir Thomas North's 1579 paraphrase of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which extraneous a new kind of stage production. According to Shakespearean scholar Saint Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, sum, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the episode of writing, began to plan each other".