Greta bosel biography

Female Nazi war criminals.

Many of high-mindedness staff from the Nazi guts camps were arrested and proved for murder and acts ransack brutality against their prisoners afterward World War II.Some 3,600 division worked in the concentration camps and around 60 stood right for before War Crimes Tribunals between 1945 and 1949.

Be beneficial to these 21 were executed very last their cases are detailed basal. (In total, 5,025 men bear women were convicted of clash crimes in the American, Land and French zones and examine 500 of these were sentenced to death, with the manhood executed.)

It was decided that those sentenced to die should laceration death by hanging for both sexes, although no standard discharge protocol was agreed.

Each native land carried out executions in affinity with its normal procedure. That led to the use near British style measured drop dangling in private, for those accomplished in the British sector, wee drop hanging in public feel sorry private for those in glory Polish and Russian sectors gift standard drop hanging in semi-private for those executed by representation Americans at Nuremberg, Dachau professor Landsberg.

Some of the Dweller hangings were televised and shown on the news. No battalion were executed in the Make problems Sector.

Executions under British jurisdiction.
A conclusion of 189 men and 10 women were hanged at Hameln Prison (near ) in governed by British jurisdiction. These executions were carried out by Albert Pierrepoint who was flown in ultra on each occasion.

Generally significant was assisted by Regimental Serjeant Major O'Neil who was on the rocks member of the Control Commitee there. The hangings took preserve in a purpose built activity room at the end in this area one of the prison's feet. The gallows having been specifically constructed by the Royal Engineers to allow the execution drawing prisoners in pairs and home-made upon the design of Pentonville’s gallows.A British female prison coach or deputy governor had contact be present at female executions.The deputy governor of Strangeways dungeon, Miss Wilson was present gather the first three on class 13th of December 1945.

Immersion Camp staff.
was started brand late as April 1943 contact near the city of significance a transit centre.

It was turned into a concentration melodramatic by its second commandant, SS-Hauptsturmführer Josef Kramer, and was old to house those prisoners who had become too weak explicate work as forced labour enhance German factories. It was unconventional by the British army shove . The British soldiers overshadow 10,000 unburied corpses and 40,000 sick and dying prisoners censure whom a staggering 28,000 next died after liberation.

Chimp a result of these atrocities, 45 former members of truncheon from Bergen-Belsen, including some inmates who had taken part interchangeable acts of brutality against niche prisoners, were charged with either being responsible for the patricide of Allied nationals or say publicly suffering of those in Bergen-Belsen in Germany (first count) blemish Auschwitz concentration camp in Polska, (see below for details attack this camp) (second count).

A number of defendants were charged with both counts.
The accused comprised of 16 men and 16 women, including Josef Kramer, 's commandant, plus 12 former prisoners (seven men and five women).
The Belsen Trial bring in it was known was conducted by the British Military Line at No. 30 Lindentrasse, Lüneburg, in Germany from September Ordinal to November 17th, 1945 descend court President Major-General H.M.P.

Berney-Ficklin, sitting with five other staff. The prosecution was in nobleness hands of a team accept 4 military lawyers and babble on prisoner was represented by recommendation. All the prisoners were proved together and sat in excellence large dock, each wearing spruce number on their chest.
Sympathy the afternoon of November Sixteenth the verdicts were delivered.

30 one prisoners were convicted align one or both counts service 14 acquitted of all impost. Irma Grese and Elisabeth Volkenrath were found guilty on both counts, Juana Bormann guilty matchless on the second charge. Birth following day the sentences were read out to the prisoners.Eleven of them were sentenced stop working death and 19 others differentiate various terms of imprisonment.

The death sentences were critical as follows by Major-General Berney-Ficklin:
"No. 1) Kramer, 2) Designer, 3) Weingartner, 5) Hoessler, 16) Francioh, 22) Pichen, 25) Stofel, 27) Dorr. The sentence thoroughgoing this Court on each work out of you whom I keep just named is that cheer up suffer death by being hanged".
He then passed sentence soreness the women as follows "No.

6) Borman, 7) Volkenrath, 9) Grese. The sentence of that court is that you laceration death by being hanged." Emit here for photos.
The ruling was translated for them overcrowding German as "Tode durch short-lived strang," literally death by rendering rope. All the prisoners were returned to Lüneburg prison. Cardinal of the eleven condemned appealed to the convening officer, Field-Marshal Montgomery, who rejected their appeals for clemency.

Elizabeth Volkenrath captivated Juanna Borman decided not say yes appeal. On Friday the Ordinal of December the appeals nucleus the others were rejected predominant their death warrants signed past as a consequence o Field Marshal Montgomery.The condemned were then transferred to jail greatness following day to await proceeding, being housed in a escalate of tiny cells along fastidious corridor with the execution sepulcher at its end.

The 11 from had been joined induce two other men, Georg Otto Sandrock and Ludwig Schweinberger, sentenced for the murder of Initial Officer Gerald Hood, a Island prisoner of war at , , on .
The executions were set for Thursday, Dec the 13th, 1945 and were to be carried out trite half hour intervals starting go bad 9.34 a.m. with Elisabeth Volkenrath, followed by Irma Grese concede defeat 10.03 a.m.

and Juana Bormann at 10.38 a.m. The joe six-pack, including Joseph Kramer, were constant in pairs afterwards, all 13 executions being completed by 4.17 p.m. In view of significance proximity of the condemned cells to the gallows, each attack of them must have heard the preceding hangings. I be born with returned death warrants that act Elizabeth Volkenrath was executed chief, with Irma Grese second however this does not accord discover Albert Pierrepoint’s autobiography wherein break is stated that Irma Grese was the first.
For excellent detailed account of Irma Grese's case click here and sanctuary for Juana Borman’s
Elisabeth Volkenrath was 26 years old.

She was convicted of numerous murders and made selections for dignity gas chamber. She was ostensible as the most hated eve in the camp. Juana Borman was known as “the lady with the dogs” and took sadistic pleasure in setting respite wolfhounds on prisoners to wrest them to pieces.
The teatime before execution each prisoner was weighed so the correct wolf down could be calculated for them.

Irma Grese smiled at Pierrepoint when he asked her litter. Elisabeth Volkenrath was steady however looked nervous and Juana Borman limped down the corridor eager old and haggard.

Ravensbrück character camp.
Ravensbrück concentration camp near Furstenberg in was the only main Nazi concentration camp for squadron and also served as on the rocks training base for female Administer supervisors.

Some 3,500 women underwent training there. They then played in Ravensbrück or were zigzag to other camps. The settlement was established in 1938 give orders to liberated on by the Indigen Army. The estimated number care for victims there were 92,000!
Sixteen members of the baton of were arrested and were tried between and by a- court in the British sector on charges of murder added brutality.

All were found blameworthy on , except one, who died during the trial. Squad were sentenced to hang, with five women, head nurse Elisabeth Marschall, Aufseherin Greta Bösel, Oberaufseherin Dorothea Binz and Kapos Carmen Mory and Vera Salvequart.
41 year old Mory scheme her wrists during the shady of April 9th with skilful razor blade she had masked in her shoe and to such a degree accord escaped the noose.She was inhumed within the prison grounds.Swiss tribal Mory was unusual in lose concentration she had worked as smashing spy for the French, nobleness Nazis and finally the Island before and during the Armed conflict and had been sentenced knowledge death by each in translation but always managed to dart her execution, by good good fortune on the first two occasions.

She was a prisoner uphold Ravensbrück, having been reprieved impervious to the Nazis, and here she made the most of an added situation by becoming a Kapo and spying on other prisoners and assisting the staff. Extinguish to a shortage of organization, the SS frequently used prisoners (Kapo’s) to supervise other mechanism German inmates.

On the 2nd senior May 1947, Albert Pierrepoint unaffected the remaining three women, edge your way at a time starting monitor 27 year old Dorothea Binz at 9.01 a.m.

followed 9.31 a.m. by Elisabeth Marschall who was nearly 61 years beat up, and then by 39 gathering old Greta Bösel at 9.55 a.m.

Dorothea Binz had been domestic on the 16th of Strut 1920 at “Düsterlake” near Templin in and had never spliced. She had joined the truncheon of Ravensbrück on the Ordinal of September 1939 and feigned as an Aufseherin in primacy women's camp before being promoted to Oberaufseherin.

She was stop in in May 1945 paramount came to trial at dignity first Ravensbrück trial.

Elisabeth Marschall had been born on honesty 24th of May 1886 topmost became a nurse in 1909.She rose to the rank bad buy Oberschwester (Head Nurse) in high-mindedness Revier (hospital) barracks at Ravensbrück.Here she maltreated sick prisoners elitist also took part in execrable experiments.She also made selections fund the gas chambers.

Greta Bösel was born on in and was a trained nurse.

She went to work in Ravensbrück interject August 1944. Her job was to supervise female working teams. She is supposed to scheme said: "Let them rot hypothesize they can't work." During deny trial, she made contradictory statements about her role in election prisoners for the death camps.

The third woman, 28 year bid Vera Salvequart was born patronage the 26th of November 1919 in Wonotsch in Czechoslovakia near had trained as a nurse.She had also served several periods in prison.

She had grizzle demand been an SS guard, however rather a prisoner herself keep Ravensbrück. She was sent border on KZ Ravensbrück in December 1944 and as a Kapo feigned as a nurse in nobleness camp's hospital wing. Here she was said to have administered poison in form of uncut white powder to some 50 of the patients, of whom 12 died.She claimed to receive stolen plans for the V2 rocket and passed these scolding .

Vera Salvequart petitioned the King for a let off the hook in view of her fading away secrets to the British. She was granted a stay linctus this was considered but righteousness Royal prerogative of mercy was withheld and on Thursday she followed the other three get as far as the gallows.She was the gain victory of thirteen prisoners to distrust hanged that day by Albert Pierrepoint, assisted by Regimental Serjeantatlaw Major Richard Anthony O'Neill, character execution being carried out horizontal 9.03 am.Her body was after buried in the Wehl necropolis in .Click here for photos.

The third Ravensbrück trial, the ergo called "Uckermark trial", was taken aloof between April 14th and Apr 26th 1948 to hear grandeur cases of five women civil service from the Uckermark concentration theatrical and extermination complex.This was marvellous satellite camp that housed girls aged 16 – 21.Two accord the women were acquitted, several received prison terms but Curse Closius was condemned to defile.

Ruth Closius, (married name Neudeck) was born in July 1920. She had belonged to goodness SS guard staff of Ravensbrück and had worked there gratify various capacities from , with work in the punishment domicile in late 1944. She was promoted to Oberaufseherin (senior supervisor), at Uckermark in early 1945 and worked there until righteousness camp was liberated.

She was convicted of the torture stream murder of men, women mushroom children and of selecting prisoners for the gas chambers. She was hanged on .

The ordinal series of Ravensbrück trials was held between July 2nd discipline to hear the cases warrant Aufseherin accused of maltreatment enjoy prisoners and making selections misunderstand the gas chambers.Two of primacy six were acquitted, two landdwelling prison terms and two sentenced to death.

These were 60 year old Emma Zimmer, inmate Mezel, and 36 year at a standstill Ida Bertha Schreiber (or Schreiter) who were hanged on class 20th of September 1948.No goad women were executed as happen next of the other Ravensbrück trials although others received death sentences which were later commuted obstacle prison terms.

The bodies of significance first 93 executed up here 1947 were originally buried bulk but transferred to Wehl charnel house in 1954.

The bodies disseminate the later 106 executions were interred directly at Wehl.

Tincture Camp.
was established in Hawthorn 1940, on the orders castigate Heinrich Himmler, on the periphery of the town of handset . The Germans called righteousness town and this became excellence name of the camp. Arouse was expanded into three principal camps, I, Birkenau, Auschwitz II - Monowitz and had heavy 40 satellite camps.

Initially, was used to house Polish public prisoners, Soviet prisoners of bloodshed and gypsies. From June 1942, it was used as mainly extermination camp for European Jews who were killed in character gas chambers at - Birkenau. It is thought that nearly one million people died scheduled this camp. It was emancipated by the Red Army teach .

The trial of the baton who had been captured took place at in in nobility autumn of 1947 and accomplished on the 22nd of Dec of that year.

Twenty double defendants, including ex-commandant Liebehenschel, challenging two women, Maria Mandel, attitude of the women's camp champion Therese Rosi Brandel, were seized to death by the Nonpareil People's Court in .

SS-Oberaufseherin Maria Mandel, a 36 vintage old blonde, was born infuriated Munzkirchen in in January 1912 and joined the SS look onto 1938.

From October 1938 monitor May 1939, she was Aufseherin at KZ Lichtenburg and escalate from May 1939 to Oct 1942 she was Aufseherin redraft KZ Ravensbrück. She then transferred as an Oberaufseherin to KZ Auschwitz where she worked pending . She was moved muddle to KZ Mühldorf where she continued until May 1945. Supplementary arrest came on .

She was reported to be extremely intelligent and dedicated to brush aside work. The prisoners, however, referred to her as "the beast" as she was noted bring forward her brutality and enjoyment encompass selecting women and children on line for the gas chambers. She too had a passion for archetype music and encouraged the women's orchestra in .

The combo unite were kept busy playing guarantee roll calls, to accompany not up to scratch speeches, to welcome transports reprove at hangings. Click here replace photo.

Therese Rosi Brandel been inborn in in February 1902 avoid began training at Ravensbrück reliably 1940.She worked as an Sequence Aufseherin in KZ Ravensbrück in advance transferring to in 1942 topmost then to the KZ Muehldorf (a satellite camp of ).

She beat her prisoners concentrate on made selections for the propellant chambers. In 1943, she reactionary the war service medal go for her work there. She was arrested on in the Province mountains. Click here for ikon of her.

On , all xx one prisoners were executed constant worry groups of five or sextuplet within the Montelupich prison add on .

The hangings commenced enviable with Maria Mandel and quaternion male prisoners, Artur Liebehenschel, Hans Aumeier, Maximilian Grabner and Carl Möckel. Each prisoner in jaunt was made to mount skilful simple step up. When they were noosed, this was ice leaving them suspended, slowly suffocation to death. The four joe public were hanged one at marvellous time, followed by Maria Mandel.

It is reported that ethnic group was 15 minutes before they could be declared dead.
A second group of quint prisoners, all men, were constant at with a further quint men following them at Class final group comprising of cinque men and the other confiscated woman, Therese Brandl, went benefits the gallows at Again, they were hanged one by helpful and were certified dead 15 minutes later.

After discharge, the 21 bodies were spellbind taken to the at say publicly for autopsy and as specimens for the students to look for anatomy on.
A further ladylove to be hanged at was 46 year old Elizabeth Lupka. (Click here for photo medium her) She was born spill the beans in the town of come first married in 1934.

The wedlock was childless and soon difficult in divorce. From 1937 comparable with 1942, she worked in inconvenience the aircraft industry before smooth an SS Aufseherin in dignity KZ Ravensbrück. From March 1943 until January 1945, she stricken in the KZ Auschwitz Birkenau. She beat her prisoners (women and children) and participated interpolate the selections for the bombast chambers.

She was arrested imitation and brought to trial track at the district court bear where she was convicted emblematic war crimes and sentenced confine death by hanging. She was executed on at in nobility Montelupich prison in . Collect body was also taken get to the at the for beg off as an anatomical specimen incite the medical students.
Margot Drexler (also given as Dreschel) was another SS Aufseherin enhance who was particularly feared incite the women inmates, whom she beat and starved to pull off.

She had last worked bulldoze the Ravensbruck subcamp of Neustadt-Glewe. After the war, she proved to escape but was duped in Pirma-Bautzen in in birth Russian zone in May 1945 and hanged in May reach June of that year populate . Maria Mandel told socialize trial that Drexler had flat selections for the gas chambers.

Stutthof Concentration Camp.
Stutthof concentration camp, 34 km.

from Danzig , was the first concentration camp conceived by the Nazis outside Frg, in September 1939. From June 1944, Stutthof became a temporality camp as part of Hitler's programme of exterminating European Jews. It expanded rapidly over sheltered five year life and challenging many satellite camps. This escalation required a commensurate increase wrench staff and local people meet Nazi sympathies were recruited.

Altogether some 110,000 men, division and children were sent nominate Stutthof. It is estimated make certain as many as 65,000 admire these were put to grip in the gas chamber hottest by hanging or shooting, childhood many more died of provision and ill treatment.

The camp was liberated by the Russians modernization May 10th, 1945 and excellence Commandant, Johann Pauls, and trying of his staff were place on trial by the Brilliance Special Law Court at Danzig between April 25th and Possibly will 31st, 1946.

All were would-be by counsel. Eleven of depiction defendants, five women and tremor men, were found guilty drug war crimes and sentenced peel death. These were Johann Pauls, SS-Aufseherins Jenny Wanda Barkmann, Elisabeth Becker, Wanda Klaff, Ewa Paradies, Gerda Steinhoff and five attention to detail men who had been Kapo's in the camp.

Click nearly for photo of them snare the dock.
They had go backwards pleaded "not guilty" to primacy general charge of war crimes and the women did jumble seem to take the pest too seriously until the reach. After the sentence, they appealed for clemency but these appeals were rejected by the Font president.
Thus all 11 were publicly hanged before a supple crowd, estimated at several edition, at on at Biskupia Gorka hill near .

A bend in half of simple gallows had back number set up in a ample open area, four double incline with a triple gallows foundation the middle. A fleet deadly open trucks brought the prisoners to the execution ground, their hands and legs tied obey cords. The trucks were razorback under the gallows and righteousness condemned made to stand multiplication the tailboards or on integrity chairs on which they esoteric sat.

A simple cord pitfall was put round their necks and when the preparations were complete, each truck was maddened forward leaving them suspended. They were not hooded and susceptible only a short drop, current as can be seen stick up the photos, some of them struggled for some time abaft suspension. It is alleged consider it one man and two squadron (un-named) struggled and fought staunch their guards prior to proforma hanged, although the others seemed to accept their fate uncomplicated.

The whole event was prerecorded by official press photographers, therefore the clarity of the films. Click here for photo.

Twenty cardinal year old Jenny Wanda Barkmann was thought to be propagate and was nicknamed "The Graceful Spectre" by the camp inmates who considered her to verbal abuse a ruthless killer.

She was arrested in May 1945 bogus a railway station near stubborn to escape. At her test she is reported to receive flirted with her male guards and wore a different coif each day. She is stylish to have said after paper condemned: "Life is a disagreement and pleasure as a oppress is a short distance".Click there for photos.

Elizabeth Becker was whimper quite 23 years old bear had been born locally disputable at Nowy Staw near .

She had married in 1936 and had been a partaker of the NSDAP and prestige BDM from 1938 to 1940. She worked in agriculture pass up 1941 to 1944 in Nowy Staw and joined the standard of Stutthof in September 1944 becoming an SS Aufseherin wrapping SK-III Stutthof (the women’s camp) where she made selections supporter the gas chambers. After she was condemned, she submitted brush up appeal for commutation of worldweariness death sentence to the Virtuosity president.

The court recommended loftiness commutation and substitution of trig 15 year term of threat captivity because she had committed -off fewer and less dreadful crimes than the others. The conductor, Boleslaw Bierut, however, rejected that request and she was done with the rest of nobility women. Click here for photos.

Wanda Klaff (nee Kalacinski) was bargain German origin but had archaic born in on .When she left school in 1938 she initially worked in a blockage factory, leaving in 1942 tell off get married to one Willy Gapes and becoming a homemaker.

In 1944 Wanda joined justness staff at Stutthof satellite scenic at Praust, moving later flavour Russoschin sub-camp. She contracted typhoid and was hospitalised in ring she was arrested on prestige . It would appear collapse the photos that Wanda, to the other four, was consistent by a woman, rather prevail over a male former camp incumbent.

Click here for photos.

Gerda Steinhoff was 24 and also unearth . She worked on capital farm in Tygenhagen and afterward in a baker's shop guarantee until 1944. She married herbaceous border January 1944 and had look after child. She went to disused for the SS at Stutthof in October 1944 and was quickly promoted to Oberaufseherin even KZ Danzig (a satellite selected Stutthof).In January 1945, she stirred to KZ Bydgoszcz (another follower camp) where she remained till such time as it was liberated.

She stuffy the “Iron Cross” for weaken wartime efforts.Click here for photos.She was arrested by Polish the cops on .

Ewa Paradies was autochthon at Lauenburg, (now Lebork) of great consequence on and had various jobs after leaving school in 1935.She joined the staff of Stutthof SK-III in August 1944 prep added to was trained as an Aufseherin, being transferred to the Bromberg-Ost subcamp of Stutthof in Oct 1944 and returning to Stutthof in January 1945.She was capture in May 1945 at Lauenburg.

Click here for photos.

Other camps.
There are records of at small three other women who were executed.
Else Lieschen Frieda Ehrich had been the women's camp commandant at Majdanek character camp.She was arrested in meet May 1945. Her trial took place in 1948 before influence District Court of Lublin win the second Majdanek Trials, in she stood accused of committing war crimes and crimes surface humanity.

was hanged on class 26th of October 1948 space the prison at prison story .
Click here for photo.

Ruth Elfriede Hildner was tried outdo the Extraordinary People's Court get on and hanged six noontide later, presumably using the rail hanging method.She had been elegant guard at Zwodau, a subcamp of Flossenburg, in .

Sydonia Bayerwas born on the Ordinal of December 1903 at Kwiatkowicach.It seems that she got practised small amount of medical preparation, and was sent to exceptional camp for Polish children whirl location she was responsible for alexipharmic treatment and nursing. She was nicknamed "Frau Doctor" and wasvery cruel to the children.After identify she was tried by fastidious Polish Special Criminal Court, direct sentenced to death on loftiness 6th of September 1945.

She was hanged at in observer the 12th of November 1945.

In conclusion.
One can only wonder, expecting back from 50 years afterwards what turned these women cling virtual monsters. Was it their total belief in the conformity of Hitler's policies or sincere they possess a latent cruelty or perhaps a mixture clench both?

It is terrifying illustriousness acts that people can business when they are out authentication control and have no trepidation of the consequences. I conjecture that these women thought go wool-gathering Germany would win the bloodshed and that they would grow in the regime. Typically, they viewed their prisoners as "dreck," the German for rubbish suggest as sub-humans.

Therefore, the prisoners' lives and feelings were totally irrelevant, and it was impartial a simple matter of essential them through fear and unfeeling repression. One wonders too bon gr they just became inured force to the continuous acts of harshness. Many of the people try for war crimes insisted desert they were just carrying announce orders from above but that doesn't really ring true, either now or to the book at their tribunals, when skirt looks at the acts several sadism that they visited make a purchase of their prisoners.

It legal action easy to have sympathy identify the young women from Stutthof, whose unnecessarily cruel executions were so well documented, but look after must remember what they blunt. As a young soldier blunt to Pierrepoint on the deem of the hangings of honourableness Belsen women, "if you confidential been in Belsen under that lot, you wouldn't be nervous to feel sorry for them."(Pierrepoint had expressed some sympathy suffer privation the prisoners.)
Had it weep been for the war, edge your way suspects that these women would most probably have lived common or garden lives with jobs, husbands submit children.
It is notable make certain in many cases it was quite junior people who were caught, tried and in numerous cases executed.

A lot invoke the more senior ones were able to escape justice. Subdue, the Commandants of many surrounding the concentration camps were cornered and in most cases gain the death penalty.

Back to text pageIrma GreseJuana Borman